{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:37:00Z","timestamp":1791819420678,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784332800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003968","name":"Iran National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4045298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4045298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discover Nano"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-026-04810-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T19:46:07Z","timestamp":1784403967000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hybrid Z\u2011scan simultaneously probes nonlinear absorption and fluorescence competition in xanthene dye systems with plasmonic nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Soheil","family":"Sharifi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"4810_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12596-025-02614-w","author":"AF Jaffar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jaffar AF, Akram IN, Al-zaidi H. Nonlinear third-order characteristics and optical limiting of rhodamine B-PMMA doped films with varying concentrations using the Z-scan technique. J Opt. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12596-025-02614-w.","journal-title":"J Opt"},{"key":"4810_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-026-09380-x","volume":"132","author":"MA Wadaan","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wadaan MA, Almoutiri ND, Ramasamy R, Solomon RV, Santhamoorthy M, Jeyaram S. Solvent effect and nonlinear optical properties of alizarin red S dye using Z-scan and DFT method. Appl Phys A. 2026;132:185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00339-026-09380-x.","journal-title":"Appl Phys A"},{"key":"4810_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10946-023-10121-1","volume":"44","author":"TS Kondratenko","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kondratenko TS, Chevychelova TA, Ovchinnikov OV, Smirnov MS, Zvyagin AI. Nonlinear optical properties of rose bengal dye in the near field of silver nanoparticles. J Russ Laser Res. 2023;44:179\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10946-023-10121-1.","journal-title":"J Russ Laser Res"},{"key":"4810_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-025-16018-w","volume":"36","author":"V Keerthikumara","year":"2025","unstructured":"Keerthikumara V, Kumar HK, Vahini MV, Prakash HMB, Bhavya NR, Mohan SR, et al. Optical limiting and third-order nonlinear optical properties of a novel thiazole-based organic NLO material for optoelectronic applications: experimental and theoretical insights. J Mater Sci Mater Electron. 2025;36:1925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10854-025-16018-w.","journal-title":"J Mater Sci Mater Electron"},{"issue":"4","key":"4810_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1109\/3.53394","volume":"26","author":"M Sheik-Bahae","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sheik-Bahae M, Said AA, Wei TH, Hagan DJ, Van Stryland EW. Sensitive measurement of optical nonlinearities using a single beam. IEEE J Quantum Electron. 1990;26(4):760\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/3.53394.","journal-title":"IEEE J Quantum Electron"},{"key":"4810_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2025.117691","volume":"169","author":"Z Feng","year":"2026","unstructured":"Feng Z, Li Z, Yi W, Wang D, Lei C. Saturable absorption dynamics in multilayer graphene: spatiotemporal imaging of energy-dependent SA-TPA competition. Opt Mater. 2026;169:117691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optmat.2025.117691.","journal-title":"Opt Mater"},{"key":"4810_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.17.000258","author":"M Sheik-Bahae","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sheik-Bahae M, Wang J, Desalvo R, Hagan DJ, Stryland EW. Measurement of nondegenerate nonlinearities using a two-color Z scan. Opt Lett. 1992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/ol.17.000258.","journal-title":"Opt Lett"},{"key":"4810_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03549353","volume":"28","author":"F Rahnama","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rahnama F. Characterization techniques and tabulations for organic nonlinear optical materials. J Opt. 1999;28:55\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03549353.","journal-title":"J Opt"},{"key":"4810_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2015.04.031","volume":"46","author":"S Zongo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zongo S, Sanusi K, Britton J, Mthunzi P, Nyokong T, Maaza M, et al. Nonlinear optical properties of natural laccaic acid dye studied using Z-scan technique. Opt Mater. 2015;46:270\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optmat.2015.04.031.","journal-title":"Opt Mater"},{"key":"4810_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2024.115092","volume":"149","author":"M Yaseen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yaseen M, Farooq Z, Ahmad M, Abdullah Sultan M, Asam Raza M, Winum J, et al. Synthesis and investigation of linear and nonlinear optical properties of an octahedral metalloporphyrin. Opt Mater. 2024;149:115092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optmat.2024.115092.","journal-title":"Opt Mater"},{"key":"4810_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2022.110772","volume":"208","author":"M Gordel-W\u00f3jcik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gordel-W\u00f3jcik M, Nyk P, \u015amialek EF, Petrusevich W, Bartkowiak M, Samoc B. J\u0119drzejewska, Linear and nonlinear absorption properties of hemicyanine dyes containing 5-(4H)-oxazolone as heterocyclic ring. Dyes Pigm. 2022;208:110772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dyepig.2022.110772.","journal-title":"Dyes Pigm"},{"key":"4810_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6225","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TC00062D","volume":"9","author":"B O\u015bmia\u0142owski","year":"2021","unstructured":"O\u015bmia\u0142owski B, Petrusevich EF, Nawrot KC, Paszkiewicz BK, Nyk M, Zielak J, et al. Tailoring the nonlinear absorption of fluorescent dyes by substitution at a boron center. J Mater Chem C. 2021;9:6225\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D1TC00062D.","journal-title":"J Mater Chem C"},{"issue":"1","key":"4810_CR13","first-page":"19","volume":"1","author":"KE Jasim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jasim KE, Al Dallal S. Fluorescence and nonlinear optics of PbS quantum dots dispersed in toluene. Int J Exp Phys. 2014;1(1):19\u201328.","journal-title":"Int J Exp Phys."},{"issue":"12","key":"4810_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201600375","volume":"4","author":"SL Walden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Walden SL, Fernando JFS, Shortell MP, Waclawik ER, Jaatinen EA. Nonlinear absorption and fluorescence in ZnO and ZnO\u2013Au nanostructures. Adv Opt Mater. 2016;4(12):2133\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adom.201600375.","journal-title":"Adv Opt Mater"},{"issue":"7","key":"4810_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2011.05.008","volume":"43","author":"KS Bindra","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bindra KS, Singh CP, Oak SM, Sailaja R, Bisht PB. Effect of nonlinear absorption in estimation of order of nonlinear optical process by fluorescence intensity. Opt Laser Technol. 2011;43(7):1486\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optlastec.2011.05.008.","journal-title":"Opt Laser Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4810_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1021\/nl303815a","volume":"13","author":"J Mun\u00e1rriz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mun\u00e1rriz J, Malyshev AV, Malyshev VA, Knoester J. Optical nanoantennas with tunable radiation patterns. Nano Lett. 2013;13(2):444\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/nl303815a.","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"4810_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2023.109254","volume":"162","author":"A Dahiya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dahiya A, Senthil Kumar P. Tailoring the directional dependent emitter interaction based plasmonic antenna character of Ag\u2013Au heterodimer. Opt Laser Technol. 2023;162:109254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optlastec.2023.109254.","journal-title":"Opt Laser Technol"},{"key":"4810_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18662","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR06533D","volume":"11","author":"TV Tsoulos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tsoulos TV, Atta S, Lagos MJ, Beetz M, Batson PE, Tsilomelekis G, et al. Colloidal plasmonic nanostar antennas with wide range resonance tunability. Nanoscale. 2019;11:18662\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C9NR06533D.","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"4810_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2024.125345","volume":"327","author":"EV Bergmann","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bergmann EV, Cavalaro APB, Kimura NM, Zanuto VS, Astrath NGC, Herculano LS, et al. Photophysical characterization of xanthene dyes, Spectrochim. Acta - A: Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2025;327:125345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.saa.2024.125345.","journal-title":"Acta - A: Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc"},{"key":"4810_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-018-1478-0","volume":"50","author":"N Karimi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karimi N, Sharifi S, Parhizgar SS, Elahi SM. Solvatochromic and nonlinear optical properties of Eosin B in solvents and AOT\/water\/Heptane. Opt Quant Electron. 2018;50:209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11082-018-1478-0.","journal-title":"Opt Quant Electron"},{"key":"4810_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-017-1277-z","volume":"50","author":"M Pourtabrizi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pourtabrizi M, Shahtahmassebi N, Kompany A, Sharifi S. Enhancement of linear and non-linear optical properties of erythrosin b by nano-droplet. Opt Quantum Electron. 2018;50:13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11082-017-1277-z.","journal-title":"Opt Quantum Electron"},{"key":"4810_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1007\/s10895-018-2272-x","volume":"28","author":"EA Shamsabadi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shamsabadi EA, Azarpour A, Makhdoumi A, Sharifi S. Z-Scan and absorption study of crocin and rhodamine B decolorization by bacterial laccase. J Fluoresc. 2018;28:1093\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10895-018-2272-x.","journal-title":"J Fluoresc"},{"issue":"8","key":"4810_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1166\/jno.2018.2347","volume":"13","author":"K Alizadeh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alizadeh K, Sharifi S. Z-scan technique used to study of rhodamine B mixed with an anionic surfactant. J Nanoelectron Optoelectron. 2018;13(8):1239\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1166\/jno.2018.2347.","journal-title":"J Nanoelectron Optoelectron"},{"key":"4810_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1039\/D2OB02208G","volume":"21","author":"S Kamino","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kamino S, Uchiyama M. Xanthene-based functional dyes: towards new molecules operating in the near-infrared region. Org Biomol Chem. 2023;21:2458\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D2OB02208G.","journal-title":"Org Biomol Chem"},{"key":"4810_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.12.016","volume":"1007","author":"MT Alula","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alula MT, Karamchand L, Hendricks NR, Blackburn JM. Citrate-capped silver nanoparticles as a probe for sensitive and selective colorimetric and spectrophotometric sensing of creatinine in human urine. Anal Chim Acta. 2018;1007:40\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aca.2017.12.016.","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"issue":"4","key":"4810_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/1\/4\/044001","volume":"1","author":"MV Castegnaro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Castegnaro MV, Alexandre J, Baibich IM, Alves MC, Morais J. Green synthesis of Pt and Ag nanoparticles and their use towards nitric oxide abatement. Mater Res Express. 2014;1(4):044001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2053-1591\/1\/4\/044001.","journal-title":"Mater Res Express"},{"key":"4810_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2023.171914","volume":"968","author":"SA Hassanzadeh-Tabrizi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hassanzadeh-Tabrizi SA. Precise calculation of crystallite size of nanomaterials: a review. J Alloy Compd. 2023;968:171914. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jallcom.2023.171914.","journal-title":"J Alloy Compd"},{"issue":"1","key":"4810_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2008.08.018","volume":"72","author":"MA Rauf","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rauf MA, Graham JP, Bukallah SB, Al-Saedi MAS. Solvatochromic behavior on the absorption and fluorescence spectra of rose bengal dye in various solvents. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2009;72(1):133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.saa.2008.08.018.","journal-title":"Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc"},{"key":"4810_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.130595","volume":"346","author":"H Lai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lai H, Li G, Zhang Z. Ti3C2Tx-AgNPs@beta-cyclodextrin SERS substrate for rapid and selective determination of erythrosin B in dyed food. Sens Actuators B Chem. 2021;346:130595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.snb.2021.130595.","journal-title":"Sens Actuators B Chem"},{"key":"4810_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2025.136795","volume":"717","author":"S Adampour","year":"2025","unstructured":"Adampour S, Khazaei Nezhad M, Sharifi S. Emulsion-stabilized silver nanoparticles vs. aqueous solutions: effects on aggregation, elastic scattering, and nonlinear optical properties. Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Asp. 2025;717:136795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2025.136795.","journal-title":"Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Asp"},{"key":"4810_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2019.109219","volume":"95","author":"AAA Darwish","year":"2019","unstructured":"Darwish AAA, Aboraia AM, Soldatov AV, Yahia IS. Deposition of Rhodamine B dye on flexible substrates for flexible organic electronic and optoelectronic: Optical spectroscopy by Kramers-Kronig analysis. Opt Mater. 2019;95:109219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optmat.2019.109219.","journal-title":"Opt Mater"},{"key":"4810_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2073972","volume":"98","author":"SA Tom\u00e1s","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tom\u00e1s SA, Stolik S, Palomino R, Lozada R, Persson C, Pepe I, et al. Influence of rhodamine 6G doping on the optical properties of TiO2 sol-gel films. J Appl Phys. 2005;98:073516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.2073972.","journal-title":"J Appl Phys"},{"key":"4810_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15107","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-022-03706-4","volume":"14","author":"Y El Ouardi","year":"2024","unstructured":"El Ouardi Y, El Aissouq A, Chennah A, Ouammou A, Laatikainen K. Synthesis, characterization, and DFT investigation of rhodamine B dye removal by activated carbon produced from argan nutshell. Biomass Convers Biorefinery. 2024;14:15107\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13399-022-03706-4.","journal-title":"Biomass Convers Biorefinery"},{"key":"4810_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-020-02396-4","volume":"52","author":"JB Fankam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fankam JB, Ejuh GW, Tchangnwa Nya F, Ndjaka JMB. Theoretical investigation of the molecular structure, vibrational spectra, thermodynamic and nonlinear optical properties of 4, 5\u2011dibromo\u20112, 7dinitro\u2011 fluorescein. Opt Quantum Electron. 2020;52:292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11082-020-02396-4.","journal-title":"Opt Quantum Electron"},{"key":"4810_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7365263","author":"STG Buck","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buck STG, Bettanin F, Orestes E, Homem-de-Mello P, Imasato H, Viana RB, et al. Photodynamic efficiency of xanthene dyes and their phototoxicity against a carcinoma cell line: a computational and experimental study. J Chem. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/7365263.","journal-title":"J Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"4810_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3233\/MGC-220026","volume":"22","author":"N Sandhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sandhu N, Singh AP, Pandey SK, Ghule VD, Tittal RK, Yadav RK, et al. Synthesis, characterization of dialkylated erythrosin B derivatives and their utility as a propitious anti-microbial agent. Main Group Chem. 2023;22(1):105\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/MGC-220026.","journal-title":"Main Group Chem"},{"key":"4810_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.101.245421","volume":"101","author":"CR Simovski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Simovski CR, Mollaei MSM, Voroshilov PM. Fluorescence quenching by plasmonic nanoantennas. Phys Rev B. 2020;101:245421.","journal-title":"Phys Rev B"},{"key":"4810_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics9080545","volume":"9","author":"C Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen C, Gao Y, Jiang J, Han J. Wavelength-dependent nonlinear absorption in platinum nanoparticles at off-resonant wavelength. Photonics (Basel). 2022;9:545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/photonics9080545.","journal-title":"Photonics (Basel)"},{"key":"4810_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2025.102614","volume":"17","author":"D Neog","year":"2025","unstructured":"Neog D, Das A, Mahanta R, Hazarika S. Study of optical non-linearity from structural rerspective in Rhodamine using z-scan technique co-related to luminescence spectroscopy. Results Chem. 2025;17:102614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rechem.2025.102614.","journal-title":"Results Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"4810_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/713821955","volume":"33","author":"EW Van Stryland","year":"1986","unstructured":"Van Stryland EW, Guha S, Vanherzeele H, Woodall MA, Soileau MJ, Wherrett BS. Verification of the scaling rule for two-photon absorption in semiconductors. Opt Acta. 1986;33(4):381\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/713821955.","journal-title":"Opt Acta"}],"container-title":["Discover Nano"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04810-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04810-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04810-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T19:46:08Z","timestamp":1784403968000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04810-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04810-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-9229"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-9229","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The author declares no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval is not applicable for this research as it does not involve human participants, animals, or any data requiring ethical oversight.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study does not involve human subjects.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any personal or identifying data of individuals, such as photographs or case histories.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"353"}}