{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:09:23Z","timestamp":1788962963284,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discover Nano"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-026-04897-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T13:17:06Z","timestamp":1788959826000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Numerical modeling of 2D sutterby fluid stagnation-point flow over a stretching surface using levenberg\u2013marquardt backpropagation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Mounirah","family":"Areshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Bariq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahad Maqbul","family":"Alamrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zehba","family":"Raizah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laila A.","family":"AL-Essa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anwar","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"4897_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s41939-025-00949-2","volume":"8","author":"S Jakeer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jakeer S, Grace DS, Durgaprasad P, Reddy SRR, Basha HT. Two-phase Carreau bio-magnetic hybrid nanofluid flow over an inclined spinning disk: numerical simulation and machine learning. Multiscale Multidisciplinary Model Experiments Des. 2025;8(8):355.","journal-title":"Multiscale Multidisciplinary Model Experiments Des"},{"issue":"4","key":"4897_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12040599","volume":"12","author":"S Abdal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdal S, Siddique I, Afzal S, Sharifi S, Salimi M, Ahmadian A. An analysis for variable physical properties involved in the nano-biofilm transportation of Sutterby fluid across shrinking\/stretching surface. Nanomaterials. 2022;12(4):599.","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"4897_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105820","volume":"130","author":"M Azam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Azam M. Bioconvection and nonlinear thermal extrusion in development of chemically reactive Sutterby nano-material due to gyrotactic microorganisms. Int Commun Heat Mass Transfer. 2022;130:105820.","journal-title":"Int Commun Heat Mass Transfer"},{"key":"4897_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2023.103163","volume":"49","author":"N Abbas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abbas N, Shatanawi W, Shatnawi TA. Numerical approach for temperature dependent properties of sutterby fluid flow with induced magnetic field past a stretching cylinder. Case Stud Therm Eng. 2023;49:103163.","journal-title":"Case Stud Therm Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"4897_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2022-0070","volume":"11","author":"J Bouslimi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bouslimi J, Alkathiri AA, Alharbi AN, Jamshed W, Eid MR, Bouazizi ML. Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation. Nanatechnol Reviews. 2022;11(1):1219\u201336.","journal-title":"Nanatechnol Reviews"},{"key":"4897_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamshed W, Eid MR, Safdar R, Pasha AA, Isa SSPM, Adil M, Rehman Z, Weera W. 2022. Solar energy optimization in solar-HVAC using Sutterby hybrid nanofluid with Smoluchowski temperature conditions: A solar thermal application. Scientific Reports, 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15685-7"},{"key":"4897_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373079","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2024.1373079","volume":"12","author":"MS Arif","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arif MS, Abodayeh K, Nawaz Y. Numerical modeling of mixed convective nanofluid flow with fractal stochastic heat and mass transfer using finite differences. Front Energy Res. 2024;12:1373079.","journal-title":"Front Energy Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4897_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/s41939-025-00783-6","volume":"8","author":"M Hemayat","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hemayat M, Ullah I, Shukat S, Kouki M, Khan H. Numerical study of Jeffrey fluid Jeffery Hamel flow through interacting channels embedded in porous medium. Multiscale Multidisciplinary Model Experiments Des. 2025;8(4):208.","journal-title":"Multiscale Multidisciplinary Model Experiments Des"},{"issue":"1","key":"4897_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20220533","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2022-0533","volume":"12","author":"S Murtaza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Murtaza S, Kumam P, Bilal M, Sutthibutpong T, Rujisamphan N, Ahmad Z. Parametric simulation of hybrid nanofluid flow consisting of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with second-order slip and variable viscosity over an extending surface. Nanatechnol Reviews. 2023;12(1):20220533.","journal-title":"Nanatechnol Reviews"},{"key":"4897_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2024.104378","volume":"58","author":"S Amin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Amin S, Ullah I, Shukat S, Kouki M, Ahmad H, Alam MM, Khan H. Lorentz force and solar energy case study on CNTs and pollytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) paraffin oil-based hybrid nanofluid flow through a porous divergent\/convergent channel. Case Stud Therm Eng. 2024;58:104378.","journal-title":"Case Stud Therm Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"4897_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1140\/epjp\/s13360-022-02410-6","volume":"137","author":"A Ayub","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ayub A, Sabir Z, Shah SZH, Mahmoud SR, Algarni A, Sadat R, Ali MR. Aspects of infinite shear rate viscosity and heat transport of magnetized Carreau nanofluid. Eur Phys J Plus. 2022;137(2):247.","journal-title":"Eur Phys J Plus"},{"key":"4897_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.106076","volume":"27","author":"S Shukat","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shukat S, Hayat T, Razaq A. Numerical study of Jeffrey nanomaterial flow with heat and mass transfer. Results Eng. 2025;27:106076.","journal-title":"Results Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"4897_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20240020","DOI":"10.1515\/phys-2024-0020","volume":"22","author":"AH Ganie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ganie AH, Farooq M, Nasrat MK, Bilal M, Muhammad T, Ghachem K, Adnan. Radiative nanofluid flow over a slender stretching Riga plate under the impact of exponential heat source\/sink. Open Phys. 2024;22(1):20240020.","journal-title":"Open Phys"},{"issue":"4","key":"4897_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01587695","volume":"21","author":"LJ Crane","year":"1970","unstructured":"Crane LJ. Flow past a stretching plate. Z f\u00fcr angewandte Math und Physik ZAMP. 1970;21(4):645\u20137.","journal-title":"Z f\u00fcr angewandte Math und Physik ZAMP"},{"key":"4897_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayat AU, Khan H, Ullah I, Ahmad H, Alam MM, Bilal M. (2024). Numerical exploration of the entropy generation in tri-hybrid nanofluid flow across a curved stretching surface subject to exponential heat source\/sink. J Therm Anal Calorim, 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-024-13358-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"4897_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrras.2024.101266","volume":"18","author":"A Eladeb","year":"2025","unstructured":"Eladeb A, Sambas A, Bilal M, Alshammari BM, Kolsi L. Radiative Darcy-Forchheimer hybrid nanofluid flow with thermal and bioconvection impacts over a stretching\/shrinking sheet. Journal Radiation Res Appl Sciences Diis. 2025;18(1):101266.","journal-title":"Journal Radiation Res Appl Sciences Diis"},{"key":"4897_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2024.03.029","volume":"94","author":"MS Junaid","year":"2024","unstructured":"Junaid MS, Aslam MN, Khan MA, Saleem S, Riaz MB. Thermal analysis of a viscoelastic Maxwell hybrid nanofluid with graphene and polythiophene nanoparticles: Insights from an artificial neural network model. Alexandria Eng J. 2024;94:193\u2013211.","journal-title":"Alexandria Eng J"},{"key":"4897_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramasekhar G, Jakeer S, Reddy SRR, Verma H, Jayasri P, Durgaprasad P, Shukla P. (2025). Homotopy Semi-numerical Modeling of Williamson Nanofluid Flow Over a Cone and Wedge with Entropy Generation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences, 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40010-025-00945-8"},{"key":"4897_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.111023","volume":"175","author":"M Ishaq","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ishaq M, Ashraf MB, Alhudhaibi AM, Jari H, Altherwi AA, Faqihi AA. TensorFlow-based neural network modeling and thermodynamic optimization of electroosmotic peristaltic flow of a viscoelastic fluid in an asymmetric channel. Int Commun Heat Mass Transfer. 2026;175:111023.","journal-title":"Int Commun Heat Mass Transfer"},{"issue":"1","key":"4897_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19643","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46428-x","volume":"13","author":"NH Hamad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hamad NH, Bilal M, Ali A, Eldin SM, Sharaf M, Rahman MU. Energy transfer through third-grade fluid flow across an inclined stretching sheet subject to thermal radiation and Lorentz force. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):19643.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"4897_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12043-023-02702-1","volume":"98","author":"M Waqas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Waqas M, Almutiri MR, Yagoob B, Ahmad H, Bilal M. Numerical analysis of MHD tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow over a stretching surface subject to heat source\/sink. Pramana. 2024;98(1):27.","journal-title":"Pramana"},{"key":"4897_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramasekhar, G., Jakeer, S., Reddy, S. R. R., SAI, A. A., Durgaprasad, P., Sajidha,S. A., \u2026 Prakash, P. (2025). Semi-analytical approach of rheological properties of blood\/silver\u2013gold hybrid nanofluid flow in a circular disk: application to the human circulatory systems. Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, 25(04), 2450050.","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219519424500507"},{"key":"4897_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayadi, B., Karim, S., Mahmood, Z., Khan, S. U., Bani-Fwaz, M. Z., Bilal, M., \u2026 Said,L. B. (2024). Study of ZnO-SAE50 over a radiated permeable exponentially elongating curved device subject to non-uniform thermal source and newtonian heating. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 63, 105275.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2024.105275"},{"key":"4897_CR24","unstructured":"Hiemenz K. (1911). Die Grenzschicht an einem in den gleichformigen Flussigkeitsstrom eingetauchten geraden kreiszylinder. Gottingen dissertation. Dingler\u2019s polytech. J, 326, 311."},{"key":"4897_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishaq M, Ashraf MB, Ashraf MU, Alshehery S, Faqihi AA, Hadidi HM. (2025). Artificial neural network-based study of entropy optimization in Johnson-Segalman nanofluids through a peristaltic channel. Phys Fluids, 37(3).","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0255518"},{"key":"4897_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2024.01.066","volume":"91","author":"M Ishaq","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ishaq M, Rehman SU, Riaz MB, Zahid M. Hydrodynamical study of couple stress fluid flow in a linearly permeable rectangular channel subject to Darcy porous medium and no-slip boundary conditions. Alexandria Eng J. 2024;91:50\u201369.","journal-title":"Alexandria Eng J"},{"issue":"4","key":"4897_CR27","first-page":"101195","volume":"17","author":"M Bilal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bilal M, Alameer A, Ahmad H, Khalifa HAEW, Shaaban AA, Khan Y. Numerical study of an electrically conducting nanofluid flow past a vertical stretching Riga plate. J Radiation Res Appl Sci. 2024;17(4):101195.","journal-title":"J Radiation Res Appl Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4897_CR28","first-page":"e70423","volume":"106","author":"S Khan","year":"2026","unstructured":"Khan S, Shuaib M, Ahmad H, Ghazwani HA, Bilal M. Numerical Study of Maxwell and Navier\u2013Stokes Equations for Fluid Flow Over a Curvilinear Surface Subject to Buoyancy Forces. ZAMM-Journal Appl Math Mechanics\/Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Angewandte Math und Mechanik. 2026;106(4):e70423.","journal-title":"ZAMM-Journal Appl Math Mechanics\/Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Angewandte Math und Mechanik"},{"key":"4897_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee D, Shukat S, Hayat T, Razaq A. (2025). Artificial neural network analysis for radiative bioconvective Jeffrey nanofluid flow with Soret and Dufour impacts. Results Eng, 108663.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.108663"},{"key":"4897_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.110079","volume":"171","author":"M Ishaq","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ishaq M, Ashraf MB, Hamzi AM, Altherwi AA, Alshehery S, Jari H. Intelligent computing of mixed convection Casson fluid flow with microrotation effects using neural network backpropagation. Int Commun Heat Mass Transfer. 2026;171:110079.","journal-title":"Int Commun Heat Mass Transfer"},{"key":"4897_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.112450","volume":"162","author":"MD Kumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumar MD, Shah NA, Gurram D, Yook SJ. Predicting thermal transport of blood-based penta-hybrid nanofluid in Fin geometries using deep neural networks and finite difference approach. Eng Appl Artif Intell. 2025;162:112450.","journal-title":"Eng Appl Artif Intell"},{"issue":"1","key":"4897_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-19327-6","volume":"15","author":"MN Aslam","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aslam MN, Ali A, Junaid MS, Saeed ST, Almehizia AA, Merga FE. Machine learning-assisted thermal analysis of propylene glycol nanofluid with dual flux and bioconvection over a Riga plate. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):35327.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4897_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishaq M, Ashraf MB, Tashkandi MA, Ghachem K, Kolsi L. (2025). Artificial neural network analysis of irreversibility in electroosmotic flow of Prandtl\u2013Eyring fluid through an inclined peristaltic channel with ciliated walls. Phys Fluids, 37(2).","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0249856"},{"issue":"24","key":"4897_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19839","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-025-11428-7","volume":"37","author":"M Awais","year":"2025","unstructured":"Awais M, Ahmad S, Junaid MS, Ramzan M, Almehizia AA, Zen AA. An exhaustive examination of the thermal and mechanical properties of nanofluids containing graphene oxide nanoparticles through the utilization of artificial neural network. Neural Comput Appl. 2025;37(24):19839\u201366.","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"4897_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar MD, Durgaprasad P, Raju CSK, Shah NA, Yook SJ. (2025). Deep learning-driven heat transfer prediction in irregular ternary hybrid nanofluid flow over fin geometries via the Adam optimization algorithm. Chemometr Intell Lab Syst, 105489.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemolab.2025.105489"},{"issue":"10","key":"4897_CR36","first-page":"e70244","volume":"105","author":"MN Aslam","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aslam MN, Junaid MS, Saeed ST, Zhang J, Almehizia AA. Analysis of MHD Williamson hybrid nanofluid flow with Cattaneo\u2013Christov heat flux over a stretching cylinder: An artificial intelligence approach. ZAMM-Journal Appl Math Mechanics\/Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Angewandte Math und Mechanik. 2025;105(10):e70244.","journal-title":"ZAMM-Journal Appl Math Mechanics\/Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Angewandte Math und Mechanik"},{"issue":"11","key":"4897_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27381","DOI":"10.3934\/math.20251204","volume":"10","author":"DK Maddina","year":"2025","unstructured":"Maddina DK, Upadhya SM, Shah NA, Raju CSK, Yook SJ. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system prediction of thermal transport in Casson ternary hybrid nanofluid thin film flow for biomedical applications. AIMS Math. 2025;10(11):27381.","journal-title":"AIMS Math"},{"issue":"11","key":"4897_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1080\/00207160.2025.2515991","volume":"102","author":"S Vidhurathan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vidhurathan S, Reddy Reddisekhar Reddy S, Thameem Basha H, Jakeer S, Moorthy U, Sathishkumar VE. Numerical simulation and machine learning approach of Eyring-Powell dusty hybrid nanofluid flow of solar thermal applications. Int J Comput Math. 2025;102(11):1697\u2013717.","journal-title":"Int J Comput Math"},{"key":"4897_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramasekhar G, Jawad M, Jakeer S, Reddy SRR, Abdelfattah W, Garalleh HA, Kamangar S. (2025). Machine learning approach for predicting heat and mass transfer in Maxwell\u2013Sutterby fluid flow over a Riga plate geometry via Levenberg\u2013Marquardt backpropagation neural network algorithm: influence of joule heating and activation energy. Results Phys, 108528.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2025.108528"},{"issue":"5","key":"4897_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s12043-018-1640-z","volume":"91","author":"E Azhar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Azhar E, Iqbal Z, Ijaz S, Maraj EN. Numerical approach for stagnation point flow of Sutterby fluid impinging to Cattaneo\u2013Christov heat flux model. Pramana. 2018;91(5):61.","journal-title":"Pramana"},{"issue":"3 Part A","key":"4897_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.2298\/TSCI191207186S","volume":"25","author":"Z Sabir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sabir Z, Imran A, Umar M, Zeb M, Shoaib M, Raja MAZ. A numerical approach for 2-D Sutterby fluid-flow bounded at a stagnation point with an inclined magnetic field and thermal radiation impacts. Therm Sci. 2021;25(3 Part A):1975\u201387.","journal-title":"Therm Sci"},{"key":"4897_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam M, Bilal M, Ahmad H, Khan GA, Khan N. (2026). Numerical Simulation of Boundary Value Radiative Tri-hybrid Nanofluid Flow Subject to Exponential Heat Source\/Sink Past a Porous Stretching Surface. Results Eng, 110591.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2026.110591"},{"issue":"3","key":"4897_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s41939-025-00753-y","volume":"8","author":"SE Ahmed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ahmed SE, Hafed Z, Arafa AA, Hussein SA. Triple diffusion and three-dimensional mixed convection of Sutterby nanofluids over a stretching Riga plate with Cattaneo\u2013Christov heat flux: prediction using artificial neural networks. Multiscale Multidisciplinary Model Experiments Des. 2025;8(3):172.","journal-title":"Multiscale Multidisciplinary Model Experiments Des"}],"container-title":["Discover Nano"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04897-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04897-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04897-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T13:17:13Z","timestamp":1788959833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04897-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4897"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04897-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-9229"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-9229","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics and Consent to Participate declarations","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Publish declaration","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"430"}}