{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:35:38Z","timestamp":1792787738532,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82502195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82502195"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Talent Introduction Research Initiation Fund of Shanxi Bethune Hospital","award":["2022RC04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022RC04"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province Clinical Theranostics Technology Innovation Center for Immunologic and Rheumatic Diseases","award":["CXZX-202302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXZX-202302"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province Central Government Guidance Fund for Local Science and Technology Development","award":["YDZJSX2024B011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZJSX2024B011"]}]},{"name":"Research and Innovation Team Project for Scientific Breakthroughs at Shanxi Bethune Hospital","award":["2024AOXIANG02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AOXIANG02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discover Nano"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-026-04994-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:07:49Z","timestamp":1791824869000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Copper single-atom carbon dots hydrogel resets oxidative and immune homeostasis for rheumatoid arthritis therapy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaorong","family":"Linghu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yipu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meirong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yirong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"23","key":"4994_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1004965","volume":"365","author":"IB McInnes","year":"2011","unstructured":"McInnes IB, Schett G. The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(23):2205\u201319.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"4994_CR2","first-page":"1194","volume":"327","author":"MH Smith","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smith MH, Berman JR. What Is Rheumatoid Arthritis? JAMA. 2022;327(12):1194.","journal-title":"What Is Rheumatoid Arthritis? Jama"},{"issue":"6","key":"4994_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2103726","volume":"388","author":"EM Gravallese","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gravallese EM, Firestein GS. Rheumatoid Arthritis \u2014 Common Origins, Divergent Mechanisms. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(6):529\u201342.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"30","key":"4994_CR4","first-page":"e2302703","volume":"10","author":"L Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang L, Dong Q, Hao Y, Wang Z, Dong W, Liu Y, Dong Y, Wu H, Shuang S, Dong C, Chen Z, Gong X. Drug-Primed Self-Assembly of Platinum-Single-Atom Nanozyme to Regulate Cellular Redox Homeostasis Against Cancer, Adv Sci (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg. Germany). 2023;10(30):e2302703.","journal-title":"Germany)"},{"key":"4994_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo D, Liu H, Zhao S, Lu X, Wan H, Zhao Y, Liang X, Zhang A, Wu M, Xiao Z. Synergistic rheumatoid arthritis therapy by interrupting the detrimental feedback loop to orchestrate hypoxia M1 macrophage polarization using an enzyme-catalyzed nanoplatform. Bioact Mater. 2024;41:221-38.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.07.026"},{"issue":"48","key":"4994_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409661","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202409661","volume":"36","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Liu D, Chen W, Tao Y, Li W, Qi J. Microenvironment-Activatable Probe for Precise NIR-II Monitoring and Synergistic Immunotherapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Adv Mater. 2024;36(48):2409661.","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"issue":"19","key":"4994_CR7","first-page":"e2412491","volume":"21","author":"Q He","year":"2025","unstructured":"He Q, Li R, Yang H, Li B, Zhang L. Inflammation-Targeting Multienzyme Activity Carbon Dots Loaded with Methotrexate for Synergistic Immunotherapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse. Germany). 2025;21(19):e2412491.","journal-title":"Germany)"},{"issue":"5","key":"4994_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-024-01552-6","volume":"32","author":"X Shi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shi X, Gao T, Yu C, Fu S, Guo T, Xu W, Li X, Wang Y, Zhang J, Jia X, Mao Y. Oxysophocarpine attenuates inflammatory osteolysis by modulating the NF-\u03bab pathway and the reactive oxygen species-related Nrf2 signaling pathway. Inflammopharmacology. 2024;32(5):3461\u201374.","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"issue":"39","key":"4994_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2405190","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202405190","volume":"34","author":"G Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang G, Xu Q, Xie J, You Y, Cai L, Zhao L, Tang X, Yang H, Yong Y. Emerging Nanozymes in Neurological Disorder Therapeutics: Bridging Oxidoreductase Mimicry and Antioxidant Chemistry. Adv Funct Mater. 2024;34(39):2405190.","journal-title":"Adv Funct Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"4994_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02969-5","volume":"22","author":"C Zhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhu C, Mu J, Liang L. Nanocarriers for intracellular delivery of proteins in biomedical applications: strategies and recent advances. J Nanobiotechnol. 2024;22(1):688.","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"4994_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang H, Lv J, Yang H. Endogenous\/exogenous dual-responsive nanozyme for photothermally enhanced ferroptosis-immune reciprocal synergistic tumor therapy. Sci Adv. 2025;11(20): eadq3870.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adq3870"},{"key":"4994_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Q, Qian W, Han Y, Mao Y, Gao Z, Chen Y, Zeng X, Lu H, Jiang L, Li J. Ferumoxytol promotes haematopoietic stem cell post-injury regeneration as a reactive oxygen species scavenger. Nat Nanotechnol. 2025;20:959-69.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-025-01907-2"},{"key":"4994_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang C, Yuan F, Yan Z, Zhang T, Fu C, Li Y, Dai G, Kim HS, Xia S, Yu L. High Entropy 2D Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheet Toward Cascaded Nanozyme-Initiated Chemodynamic and Immune Synergistic Therapy. J Am Chem Soc. 2025;147(1): 136-48.","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c04523"},{"issue":"51","key":"4994_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57206","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c19495","volume":"14","author":"W Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu W, Guo Y, Zhang J, Yue Y, Fan L, Li F, Dong C, Shuang S. A High Catalytic Activity Nanozyme Based on Cobalt-Doped Carbon Dots for Biosensor and Anticancer Cell Effect. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2022;14(51):57206\u201314.","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"4994_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang Y, Chen Y, Liu Y, Xia Y, Zhao F, Zeng B. Detection of Gastric Cancer-Associated d-Amino Acids and Carcinoembryonic Antigen by Colorimetric and Immuno ECL Sensing Platform Based on the Catalysis of N\/S-Doped Carbon Dots @ N-Rich Porous Carbon Nanoenzyme. Anal Chem. 2022;94(51): 17787-94.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c03433"},{"issue":"17","key":"4994_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16715","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c03169","volume":"17","author":"Bifunctional Cascading Nanozymes Based on Carbon Dots Promotes Photodynamic","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bifunctional Cascading Nanozymes Based on Carbon Dots Promotes Photodynamic. Therapy by Regulating Hypoxia and Glycolysis. ACS Nano. 2023;17(17):16715\u201330.","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"4994_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muhammad P, Hanif S, Li J. Carbon dots supported single Fe atom nanozyme for drug-resistant glioblastoma therapy by activating autophagy-lysosome pathway. Nano Today. 2022;45: 101530 .","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2022.101530"},{"issue":"10","key":"4994_CR18","first-page":"2190","volume":"34","author":"M Pengfei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pengfei M, Xiaorong Z, Shijun L, Yijie D. Enhancing the Performance of Atomically Dispersed Carbon-Based Catalysts Through Metallic\/Nonmetallic Elements Co-Doping Towards Oxygen Reduction. Progress Chem. 2022;34(10):2190\u2013201.","journal-title":"Progress Chem"},{"issue":"37","key":"4994_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2203001","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202203001","volume":"18","author":"X Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li X, Ding S, Lyu Z, Tieu P, Wang M, Feng Z, Pan X, Zhou Y, Niu X, Du D, Zhu W, Lin Y. Single-Atomic Iron Doped Carbon Dots with Both Photoluminescence and Oxidase-Like Activity. Small. 2022;18(37):2203001.","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"4994_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shu J, Liu Z, Dong Z, Yin X, Su G, Ling Y, Zhang K, Zhang F, Ma C, He M, Yang X, Bai L, Tan Za, Wang L. Carbon Dot-Supported Single-Atom Materials Boost the Efficiency and Stability of Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells, Adv Funct Mater. 2025;35(45): 2506009.","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202506009"},{"issue":"30","key":"4994_CR21","first-page":"2401513","volume":"13","author":"J Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu J, Zheng Z, Yang Y, Chen L, Kang W. Advance of Near-Infrared Emissive Carbon Dots in Diagnosis and Therapy: Synthesis. Luminescence Application. Adv Healthcare Mater.2024;13(30):2401513.","journal-title":"Luminescence Application"},{"key":"4994_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121014","volume":"217","author":"J Feng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feng J, Chen S, Yu YL, Wang JH. Red-emission hydrophobic porphyrin structure carbon dots linked with transferrin for cell imaging. Talanta. 2020;217:121014.","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"39","key":"4994_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202209594","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202209594","volume":"61","author":"H Shu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shu H, Guo M, Wang M, Zhou M, Zhou B, Xu L, Rao Y, Yin B, Osuka A, Song J. Efficient Synthesis of Multiply Seven-Membered-Ring Fused Porphyrins by Rhodium-Catalyzed [5\u2009+\u20092] Annulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2022;61(39):e202209594.","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl"},{"key":"4994_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen H, Wang Y, Wang W, Cao T, Zhang L, Wang Z, Chi X, Shi T, Wang H, He X, Liang M, Yang M, Jiang W, Lv D, Yu J, Zhu G, Xie Y, Gao B, Wang X, Liu X, Li Y, Ouyang L, Zhang J, Liu H, Li Z, Tong Y, Xia X, Tan G-Y, Zhang L. High-yield porphyrin production through metabolic engineering and biocatalysis. Nat Biotechnol.2025;43: 1717-27.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-024-02267-3"},{"key":"4994_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Y, Zheng X, Zhang X, Liu S, Pei Q, Zheng M, Xie Z. Porphyrin-Based Carbon Dots for Photodynamic Therapy of Hepatoma, Adv Healthcare Mater. 2016;6(1): 1600924 .","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201600924"},{"key":"4994_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1007\/s40242-023-3127-9","volume":"39","author":"M Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang M, Huang GL, You Z, Jia R, Zhong Y, Bai F. Progress of Porphyrin-based Nanoassemblies for Cancer Theranostics. Chem Res Chin Univ. 2023;39:612\u201323.","journal-title":"Chem Res Chin Univ"},{"key":"4994_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2020.06.010","volume":"81","author":"M Hayes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hayes M, Ferruzzi MG. Update on the bioavailability and chemopreventative mechanisms of dietary chlorophyll derivatives. Nutr Res (New York N Y). 2020;81:19\u201337.","journal-title":"Nutr Res (New York N Y)"},{"key":"4994_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel-Latif MS, Elmeleigy KM, Aly TAA, Khattab MS, Mohamed SM. Pathological and biochemical evaluation of coumarin and chlorophyllin against aflatoxicosis in rat, Exp toxic pathol .2017;69(5): 285\u201391.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2017.01.014"},{"key":"4994_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.01.050","volume":"18","author":"Z-Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Z-Y, An Y-L, Wang X-S, Cui L-Y, Li S-Q, Liu C-B, Zou Y-H, Zhang F, Zeng R-C. In vitro degradation, photo-dynamic and thermal antibacterial activities of Cu-bearing chlorophyllin-induced Ca\u2013P coating on magnesium alloy AZ31. Bioact Mater. 2022;18:284\u201399.","journal-title":"Bioactive Mater"},{"issue":"2","key":"4994_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14594","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.14594","volume":"104","author":"VR Shinde","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shinde VR, Khatun S, Thanekar AM, Bhattacharjee B, Rengan AK. Sodium copper chlorophyllin-loaded chitosan nanoparticle-based photodynamic therapy for B16 melanoma cancer cells. Chem Biol Drug Des. 2024;104(2):e14594.","journal-title":"Chem Biol Drug Des"},{"issue":"11","key":"4994_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-020-01912-3","volume":"393","author":"SV Suryavanshi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suryavanshi SV, Gharpure M, Kulkarni YA. Sodium copper chlorophyllin attenuates adenine-induced chronic kidney disease via suppression of TGF-beta and inflammatory cytokines. N-S Arch Pharmacol. 2020;393(11):2029\u201341","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"issue":"13","key":"4994_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557516666161004161411","volume":"17","author":"K Solymosi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Solymosi K, Mysliwa-Kurdziel B. Chlorophylls and their Derivatives Used in Food Industry and Medicine. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2017;17(13):1194\u2013222.","journal-title":"Mini Rev Med Chem"},{"key":"4994_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2022.100277","volume":"15","author":"X Jia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jia X, Ma J, Chen X, Li W, Zhou X, Lei B, Zhao X, Mao Y. Immunoregulation and anti-metalloproteinase bioactive injectable polysalicylate matrixgel for efficiently treating osteoarthritis. Mater Today Bio. 2022;15:100277.","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"issue":"36","key":"4994_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202302275","volume":"35","author":"R Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen R, Wang Z, Pang T, Teng Q, Li C, Jiang N, Zheng S, Zhang R, Zheng Y, Chen D. Ultra-Narrow-Bandwidth Deep-Red Electroluminescence Based on Green Plant-Derived Carbon Dots. Adv Mater. 2023;35(36):10.","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"issue":"16","key":"4994_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2403394","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202403394","volume":"13","author":"X Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu X, Feng N, Sun X, Li H. Polarity Adaptive Carbon Dots: Photoluminescence in Heterogeneous Environments. Adv Opt Mater. 2025;13(16):2403394.","journal-title":"Adv Opt Mater"},{"key":"4994_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.162637","volume":"513","author":"L Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang L, Dai F, Tang H, Li M, An Y, Tan Y, Liu R, Tan X, Zhang W, Askari Rizvi SF, Zou J, Lu Z, Liu G. Lophatherum-Gracile driven near-infrared carbon dots inhibit ferroptosis and mitophagy to treat acute kidney injury. Chem Eng J. 2025;513:162637.","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"4994_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu W, Liu Z, Gong L, Wang K, Wu B, Jiang J. Integrating Urea-Based Units Into Porphyrinic Covalent Organic Framework for Efficient Artemisinin Photosynthesis, Angew Chem Int Ed. 2025;64(29): e202506462.","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202506462"},{"issue":"4","key":"4994_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205730","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202205730","volume":"19","author":"P Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu P, Lv X, Wang Q, Huang H, Weng W, Peng C, Zhang L, Zheng G. Promoting Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction to CH4 by Copper Porphyrin with Donor\u2013Acceptor Structures. Small. 2023;19(4):2205730.","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"4994_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2025.120514","volume":"243","author":"Z He","year":"2025","unstructured":"He Z, Yang Y, Li R, He Q. Enhanced multi-enzyme activity and bone-targeted phosphorus-doped carbon dots for precise antioxidant therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. Carbon. 2025;243:120514.","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"4994_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.123271","volume":"232","author":"Q Bai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bai Q, Gao Q, Hu F, Zheng C, Chen W, Sun N, Liu J, Zhang Y, Wu X, Lu T. Chitosan and hyaluronic-based hydrogels could promote the infected wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;232:123271.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"4994_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.112519","volume":"131","author":"Q Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Q, Liu K, Jiang T, Ren S, Kang Y, Li W, Yao H, Yang X, Dai H, Chen Z. Injectable and self-healing chitosan-based hydrogel with MOF-loaded \u03b1-lipoic acid promotes diabetic wound healing. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2021;131:112519.","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl"},{"issue":"12","key":"4994_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2007.08.013","volume":"19","author":"R Ahmad","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ahmad R, Sylvester J, Zafarullah M. MyD88, IRAK1 and TRAF6 knockdown in human chondrocytes inhibits interleukin-1-induced matrix metalloproteinase-13 gene expression and promoter activity by impairing MAP kinase activation. Cell Signal. 2007;19(12):2549\u201357.","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"4994_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cione E, La Torre C, Cannataro R, Caroleo MC, Plastina P, Gallelli L. Quercetin, Epigallocatechin Gallate, Curcumin, and Resveratrol: From Dietary Sources to Human MicroRNA Modulation. Molecules.2020;25(1):63.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25010063"},{"key":"4994_CR44","first-page":"153535002004041","volume":"3","author":"A Savinainen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Savinainen A, Kapadia R, Ruan J, Siebert E, Avitahl N, Mosher R, Anderson K, Jaffee B, Schopf L, Chandra S. Quantitative Analysis of Micro-CT Imaging and Histopathological Signatures of Experimental Arthritis in Rats. Mol Imaging. 2004;3:153535002004041.","journal-title":"Mol Imaging"},{"key":"4994_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee S-W, Greve JM, Leaffer D, Lollini L, Bailey P, Gold GE, Biswal S. Early findings of small-animal MRI and small-animal computed tomography correlate with histological changes in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis, NMR Biomed.2008; 21(5): 527\u201336.","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1225"},{"key":"4994_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345380","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1345380","volume":"15","author":"T Gao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gao T, Yu C, Shi X, Hu Y, Chang Y, Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhai Z, Jia X, Mao Y. Artemisinic acid attenuates osteoclast formation and titanium particle-induced osteolysis via inhibition of RANKL-induced ROS accumulation and MAPK and NF-\u03baB signaling pathways. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1345380.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"4994_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu C, Chu D, Kalantar-Zadeh K, George J, Young HA, Liu G. Cytokines: From Clinical Significance to Quantification, Adv Sci. 2021;8(15): 2004433.","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202004433"},{"key":"4994_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou M, Gao H, Wang X, Shi Z, Yang X, Li Y, Li X, Zhao Y. Nrf2 as a redox checkpoint in autoimmune joint inflammation: microenvironmental redox control across the arthritis spectrum, Front Immunol. 2026;17: 1775908.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1775908"},{"key":"4994_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116540","volume":"174","author":"R Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo R, Su J, Zhang W, Huang W, Zhou Q, Sun P, Zhao Y. Targeted delivery of NO donor and ROS scavenger for synergistic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024;174:116540.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"4994_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang S, Kwon E, Lee J. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Pathogenic Roles of Diverse Immune Cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(2): 905.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020905"},{"key":"4994_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montecucco C, Caporali R, Vitolo B, Manzo A, Bugatti S. B Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis: From Pathogenic Players to Disease Biomarkers, BioMed Res Int.2014; 2014: 681678.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/681678"},{"key":"4994_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ai.2019.08.006","volume":"143","author":"C Stephan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stephan C. Anika, Gr\u00fcneboom, Gerhard, Krnke, Origin and function of synovial macrophage subsets during inflammatory joint disease. Adv Immunol. 2019;143:75\u201398.","journal-title":"Adv Immunol"}],"container-title":["Discover Nano"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04994-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04994-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04994-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:02:41Z","timestamp":1791849761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04994-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04994-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-9229"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-9229","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 October 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All animal experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Nanjing University (IACUC-305006). The study was conducted in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines and all relevant institutional, national, and international regulations.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval <b>(Animal)<\/b>","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"510"}}