{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T12:29:04Z","timestamp":1793449744572,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIA MH002794-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIA MH002794-13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurodevelop Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs) are a collectively common family of genetic disorders that increase the risk for neuropsychiatric and cognitive impairment. Beyond being important medical disorders in their own right, SCAs also offer a unique naturally occurring model for studying X- and Y-chromosome influences on the human brain. However, it remains unclear if (i) different SCAs are associated with different profiles of psychopathology and (ii) the notable interindividual variation in psychopathology is related to co-occurring variation in cognitive ability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined scores for 11 dimensions of psychopathology [Child\/Adult Behavior Checklist (CBCL)] and general cognitive ability [full-scale IQ (FSIQ) from Wechsler tests] in 110 youth with varying SCAs (XXY = 41, XYY = 22, XXX = 27, XXYY = 20) and 131 typically developing controls (XX = 59, XY = 72).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All SCAs were associated with elevated CBCL scores across several dimensions of psychopathology (two-sample\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests comparing the euploidic and aneuploidic groups [all |T| &gt; 9, and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001]). Social and attentional functioning were particularly sensitive to the carriage of a supernumerary Y-chromosome. In particular, the XYY group evidenced significantly more social problems than both extra-X groups (Cohen\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      effect size &gt; 0.5, Bonferroni corrected\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05). There was marked variability in CBCL scores within each SCA group, which generally correlated negatively with IQ, but most strongly so for social and attentional difficulties (standardized\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , \u2212 0.3). These correlations showed subtle differences as a function of the SCA group and CBCL scale.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is domain-specific variation in psychopathology across SCA groups and domain-specific correlation between psychopathology and IQ within SCAs. These findings (i) help to tailor clinical assessment of this common and impactful family of genetic disorders and (ii) suggest that dosage abnormalities of X- and Y-linked genes impart somewhat distinct profiles of neuropsychiatric risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-021-09407-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T07:02:54Z","timestamp":1639551774000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Patterns of psychopathology and cognition in sex chromosome aneuploidy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8642-7694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srishti","family":"Rau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan T.","family":"Whitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Schauder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikhita","family":"Gogate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy Raitano","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Kenworthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Raznahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"9407_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2009.03545.x","volume":"52","author":"V Leggett","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leggett V, Jacobs P, Nation K, Scerif G, Bishop DVM. Neurocognitive outcomes of individuals with a sex chromosome trisomy: XXX, XYY, or XXY: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010;52:119\u201329.","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"9407_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70302-8","volume":"13","author":"DS Hong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hong DS, Reiss AL. Cognitive and neurological aspects of sex chromosome aneuploidies. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:306\u201318.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"9407_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000471","volume":"32","author":"S van Rijn","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Rijn S. A review of neurocognitive functioning and risk for psychopathology in sex chromosome trisomy (47,XXY, 47,XXX, 47, XYY). Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2019;32:79\u201384.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"9407_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.10394","volume":"110","author":"MG Linden","year":"2002","unstructured":"Linden MG, Bender BG. Fifty-one prenatally diagnosed children and adolescents with sex chromosome abnormalities. Am J Med Genet. 2002;110:11\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"9407_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-5-8","volume":"5","author":"NR Tartaglia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tartaglia NR, Howell S, Sutherland A, Wilson R, Wilson L. A review of trisomy X (47,XXX). Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2010;5:8.","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"9407_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e865","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1954","volume":"123","author":"H Bruining","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bruining H, Swaab H, Kas M, van Engeland H. Psychiatric characteristics in a self-selected sample of boys with Klinefelter syndrome. Pediatrics. 2009;123:e865\u201370.","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"9407_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lenroot RK, Blumenthal JD, Wallace GL, Clasen LS, Lee NR, Giedd JN. A case-control study of brain structure and behavioral characteristics in 47,XXX syndrome. Genes Brain Behav. 2014:841\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gbb.12180.","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12180"},{"key":"9407_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.02.013","volume":"33","author":"L Cordeiro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cordeiro L, Tartaglia N, Roeltgen D, Ross J. Social deficits in male children and adolescents with sex chromosome aneuploidy: a comparison of XXY, XYY, and XXYY syndromes. Res Dev Disabil. 2012;33:1254\u201363.","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"9407_CR9","first-page":"267","volume":"14","author":"M Geerts","year":"2003","unstructured":"Geerts M, Steyaert J, Fryns JP. The XYY syndrome: a follow-up study on 38 boys. Genet Couns. 2003;14:267\u201379.","journal-title":"Genet Couns"},{"key":"9407_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0719","volume":"129","author":"JL Ross","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ross JL, Roeltgen DP, Kushner H, Zinn AR, Reiss A, Bardsley MZ, et al. Behavioral and social phenotypes in boys with 47,XYY syndrome or 47,XXY Klinefelter syndrome. Pediatrics. 2012;129:769\u201378.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"9407_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ratcliffe SG, Field MAS. Emotional disorder in XYY children: four case reports. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1982:401\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1982.tb00086.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1982.tb00086.x"},{"key":"9407_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Visootsak J, Graham JM. Social function in multiple X and Y chromosome disorders: XXY, XYY, XXYY, XXXYs. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2009:328\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ddrr.76.","DOI":"10.1002\/ddrr.76"},{"key":"9407_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02235.x","volume":"100","author":"N Tartaglia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tartaglia N, Ayari N, Howell S, D\u2019Epagnier C, Zeitler P. 48,XXYY, 48,XXXY and 49,XXXXY syndromes: not just variants of Klinefelter syndrome. Acta Paediatr. 2011;100:851\u201360.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"9407_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12607","volume":"63","author":"R Srinivasan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Srinivasan R, Wolstencroft J, Erwood M, Raymond FL, Bree M, Hall J, et al. Mental health and behavioural problems in children with XXYY: a comparison with intellectual disabilities. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2019;63:477\u201388.","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"key":"9407_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.36.1.113","volume":"36","author":"RJ Schlegel","year":"1965","unstructured":"Schlegel RJ, Aspillaga MJ, Neu R, Gardner LI. Studies on a boy with XXYY chromosome constitution. Pediatrics. 1965;36:113\u20139.","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"9407_CR16","first-page":"197","volume":"22","author":"K S\u00f8rensen","year":"1978","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen K, Nielsen J, Jacobsen P, R\u00f8lle T. The 48, XXYY syndrome. J Ment Defic Res. 1978;22:197\u2013205.","journal-title":"J Ment Defic Res"},{"key":"9407_CR17","first-page":"197","volume":"6","author":"JP Fryns","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fryns JP, Kleczkowska A, Kubie\u0144 E, Van den Berghe H. XYY syndrome and other Y chromosome polysomies. Mental status and psychosocial functioning. Genet Couns. 1995;6:197\u2013206.","journal-title":"Genet Couns"},{"key":"9407_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.04.009","volume":"8","author":"AP Hanley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hanley AP, Blumenthal JD, Lee NR, Baker EH, Clasen LS, Giedd JN. Brain and behavior in 48, XXYY syndrome. Neuroimage Clin. 2015;8:133\u20139.","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"9407_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32366","volume":"146A","author":"N Tartaglia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tartaglia N, Davis S, Hench A, Nimishakavi S, Beauregard R, Reynolds A, et al. A new look at XXYY syndrome: medical and psychological features. Am J Med Genet A. 2008;146A:1509\u201322.","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"9407_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000429","volume":"38","author":"NR Tartaglia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tartaglia NR, Wilson R, Miller JS, Rafalko J, Cordeiro L, Davis S, et al. Autism spectrum disorder in males with sex chromosome aneuploidy: XXY\/Klinefelter syndrome, XYY, and XXYY. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2017;38:197\u2013207.","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"9407_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00234-8","volume":"53","author":"E Mick","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mick E, Biederman J, Pandina G, Faraone SV. A preliminary meta-analysis of the child behavior checklist in pediatric bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;53:1021\u20137.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"9407_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02309.x","volume":"52","author":"M Holtmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holtmann M, Buchmann AF, Esser G, Schmidt MH, Banaschewski T, Laucht M. The Child Behavior Checklist-Dysregulation Profile predicts substance use, suicidality, and functional impairment: a longitudinal analysis: CBCL-DP long-term outcome. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2011;52:139\u201347 Wiley.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"9407_CR23","volume-title":"CBCL profiles of children and adolescents with Asperger syndrome: a review and pilot study. yorkspace-new.library.yorku.ca","author":"J Schroeder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schroeder J, Weiss J, Bebko J. CBCL profiles of children and adolescents with Asperger syndrome: a review and pilot study. yorkspace-new.library.yorku.ca; 2011; Available from: https:\/\/yorkspace-new.library.yorku.ca\/xmlui\/handle\/10315\/33099"},{"key":"9407_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-5-11","volume":"5","author":"H Bruining","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bruining H, Eijkemans MJ, Kas MJ, Curran SR, Vorstman JA, Bolton PF. Behavioral signatures related to genetic disorders in autism. Mol Autism. 2014;5:11.","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"9407_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.10.036","volume":"209","author":"J Berona","year":"2017","unstructured":"Berona J, Horwitz AG, Czyz EK, King CA. Psychopathology profiles of acutely suicidal adolescents: associations with post-discharge suicide attempts and rehospitalization. J Affect Disord. 2017;209:97\u2013104.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"9407_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00535","volume":"10","author":"S Guerrera","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guerrera S, Menghini D, Napoli E, Di Vara S, Valeri G, Vicari S. Assessment of psychopathological comorbidities in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder using the Child Behavior Checklist. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:535.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"9407_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-020-00977-8","volume":"51","author":"D Katsuki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Katsuki D, Yamashita H, Yamane K, Kanba S, Yoshida K. Clinical subtypes in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder according to their child behavior checklist profile. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2020;51:969\u201377.","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"9407_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20010015","volume":"178","author":"SJRA Chawner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chawner SJRA, Doherty JL, Anney RJL, Antshel KM, Bearden CE, Bernier R, et al. A genetics-first approach to dissecting the heterogeneity of autism: phenotypic comparison of autism risk copy number variants. Am J Psychiatry. 2021;178:77\u201386.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"9407_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.96.4.672","volume":"96","author":"MG Linden","year":"1995","unstructured":"Linden MG, Bender BG, Robinson A. Sex chromosome tetrasomy and pentasomy. Pediatrics. 1995;96:672\u201382.","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"9407_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu174","volume":"26","author":"A Raznahan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raznahan A, Lee NR, Greenstein D, Wallace GL, Blumenthal JD, Clasen LS, et al. Globally divergent but locally convergent X- and Y-chromosome influences on cortical development. Cereb Cortex. 2016;26:70\u20139.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"9407_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e31824501c8","volume":"33","author":"NR Tartaglia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tartaglia NR, Ayari N, Hutaff-Lee C, Boada R. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children and adolescents with sex chromosome aneuploidy: XXY, XXX, XYY, and XXYY. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2012;33:309\u201318.","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"9407_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-018-9248-7","volume":"10","author":"L Joseph","year":"2018","unstructured":"Joseph L, Farmer C, Chlebowski C, Henry L, Fish A, Mankiw C, et al. Characterization of autism spectrum disorder and neurodevelopmental profiles in youth with XYY syndrome. J Neurodev Disord. 2018;10:30.","journal-title":"J Neurodev Disord"},{"key":"9407_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-021-09360-7","volume":"13","author":"KE Wilson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilson KE, Fish AM, Mankiw C, Xenophontos A, Warling A, Whitman E, et al. Modeling familial predictors of proband outcomes in neurogenetic disorders: initial application in XYY syndrome. J Neurodev Disord. 2021;13:12.","journal-title":"J Neurodev Disord"},{"key":"9407_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23951","volume":"95","author":"F Printzlau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Printzlau F, Wolstencroft J, Skuse DH. Cognitive, behavioral, and neural consequences of sex chromosome aneuploidy. J Neurosci Res. 2017;95:311\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"9407_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00960874","volume":"8","author":"CL Carlson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Carlson CL, Lahey BB, Neeper R. Direct assessment of the cognitive correlates of attention deficit disorders with and without hyperactivity. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 1986;8:69\u201386.","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"key":"9407_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2601_10","volume":"26","author":"KR Dietz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dietz KR, Lavigne JV, Arend R, Rosenbaum D. Relation between intelligence and psychopathology among preschoolers. J Clin Child Psychol. 1997;26:99\u2013107.","journal-title":"J Clin Child Psychol"},{"key":"9407_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00385.x","volume":"110","author":"M Weiser","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weiser M, Reichenberg A, Rabinowitz J, Knobler HY, Lubin G, Yazvitzky R, et al. Cognitive performance of male adolescents is lower than controls across psychiatric disorders: a population-based study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004;110:471\u20135.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"9407_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.73.3.466","volume":"73","author":"MJ Vitacco","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vitacco MJ, Neumann CS, Jackson RL. Testing a four-factor model of psychopathy and its association with ethnicity, gender, intelligence, and violence. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2005;73:466\u201376.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"9407_CR39","first-page":"299","volume-title":"Treatment of autistic children. Wiley series on studies in child psychiatry","author":"P Howlin","year":"1987","unstructured":"Howlin P, Rutter M, Berger M, Hemsley R, Hersov L, Yule W. Treatment of autistic children. Wiley series on studies in child psychiatry. Oxford: Wiley; 1987. p. 299. Available from: https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/fulltext\/1988-97184-000.pdf"},{"key":"9407_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198911000-00005","volume":"28","author":"J Anderson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Anderson J, Williams S, McGee R, Silva P. Cognitive and social correlates of DSM-III disorders in preadolescent children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1989;28:842\u20136.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"9407_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400000493","volume":"1","author":"RC Pianta","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pianta RC, Castaldi J. Stability of internalizing symptoms from kindergarten to first grade and factors related to instability. Dev Psychopathol. 1989;1:305\u201316.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"9407_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400000754","volume":"2","author":"RC Pianta","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pianta RC, Caldwell CB. Stability of externalizing symptoms from kindergarten to first grade and factors related to instability. Dev Psychopathol. 1990;2:247\u201358.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"9407_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.3723","volume":"74","author":"KM Keyes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Keyes KM, Platt J, Kaufman AS, McLaughlin KA. Association of fluid intelligence and psychiatric disorders in a population-representative sample of US adolescents. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74:179\u201388.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"9407_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-017-9358-0","volume":"28","author":"A Abramovitch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abramovitch A, Anholt G, Raveh-Gottfried S, Hamo N, Abramowitz JS. Meta-analysis of intelligence quotient (IQ) in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychol Rev. 2018;28:111\u201320.","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"9407_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2207","volume":"33","author":"O S\u00e1nchez de Ribera","year":"2019","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez de Ribera O, Kavish N, Katz IM, Boutwell BB. Untangling intelligence, psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder, and conduct problems: a meta\u2013analytic review. Eur J Personal. 2019;33:529\u201364 SAGE Publications Ltd.","journal-title":"Eur J Personal"},{"key":"9407_CR46","unstructured":"Adler N, Stewart J. The MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status. 2007. http:\/\/www.macses.ucsf."},{"key":"9407_CR47","volume-title":"WISC-V: technical and interpretive manual","author":"D Wechsler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wechsler D. WISC-V: technical and interpretive manual. Bloomington: Pearson; 2014."},{"key":"9407_CR48","volume-title":"WAIS-IV administration and scoring manual","author":"D Wechsler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wechsler D. WAIS-IV administration and scoring manual. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation; 2008."},{"key":"9407_CR49","volume-title":"Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence\u2014Second Edition (WASI-II)","author":"D Wechsler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wechsler D. Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence\u2014Second Edition (WASI-II). San Antonio: NCS Pearson; 2011."},{"key":"9407_CR50","first-page":"371","volume":"7","author":"TM Achenbach","year":"1991","unstructured":"Achenbach TM, Edelbrock C. Child behavior checklist.\u00a0Burlington, VT. 1991;7:371\u201392.","journal-title":"Burlington (Vt)"},{"key":"9407_CR51","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA Adult Forms & Profiles: For Ages 18-59 : Adult Self-report and Adult Behavior Checklist","author":"TM Achenbach","year":"2003","unstructured":"Achenbach TM, Rescorla L. Manual for the ASEBA Adult Forms & Profiles: For Ages 18-59 : Adult Self-report and Adult Behavior Checklist: ASEBA; 2003."},{"key":"9407_CR52","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2017","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2017."},{"key":"9407_CR53","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2017","unstructured":"IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk: IBM Corp; 2017."},{"key":"9407_CR54","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2019","unstructured":"IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. Armonk: IBM Corp; 2019."},{"key":"9407_CR55","first-page":"241","volume-title":"Programming with ggplot2. In: Wickham H, editor. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis","author":"H Wickham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wickham H. Programming with ggplot2. In: Wickham H, editor. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 241\u201353."},{"key":"9407_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedersen TL. The composer of plots [R package patchwork version 1.1.1]. Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN); 2020; Available from: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/patchwork\/index.html [cited 9 Apr 2021]","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.patchwork"},{"key":"9407_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2011.03.009","volume":"6","author":"V Pandolfi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pandolfi V, Magyar CI, Dill CA. An initial psychometric evaluation of the CBCL 6-18 in a sample of youth with autism spectrum disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2012;6:96\u2013108.","journal-title":"Res Autism Spectr Disord"},{"key":"9407_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.179747","volume":"96","author":"DVM Bishop","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bishop DVM, Jacobs PA, Lachlan K, Wellesley D, Barnicoat A, Boyd PA, et al. Autism, language and communication in children with sex chromosome trisomies. Arch Dis Child. 2011;96:954\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"9407_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.96.2.302","volume":"96","author":"BG Bender","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bender BG, Harmon RJ, Linden MG, Robinson A. Psychosocial adaptation of 39 adolescents with sex chromosome abnormalities. Pediatrics. 1995;96:302\u20138.","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"9407_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32835ee548","volume":"26","author":"DM Werling","year":"2013","unstructured":"Werling DM, Geschwind DH. Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders. Curr Opin Neurol. 2013;26:146\u201353.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"9407_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5221","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2158-16.2017","volume":"37","author":"C Mankiw","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mankiw C, Park MTM, Reardon PK, Fish AM, Clasen LS, Greenstein D, et al. Allometric analysis detects brain size-independent effects of sex and sex chromosome complement on human cerebellar organization. J Neurosci. 2017;37:5221\u201331.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"9407_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nadig A, Reardon PK, Seidlitz J, McDermott CL, Blumenthal JD, Clasen LS, et al. Carriage of supernumerary sex chromosomes decreases the volume and alters the shape of limbic structures. eNeuro. 2018;5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/ENEURO.0265-18.2018.","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0265-18.2018"},{"key":"9407_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7398","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1802889115","volume":"115","author":"A Raznahan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Raznahan A, Parikshak NN, Chandran V, Blumenthal JD, Clasen LS, Alexander-Bloch AF, et al. Sex-chromosome dosage effects on gene expression in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115:7398\u2013403.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"9407_CR64","volume-title":"Recalibrating expectations about effect size: a multi-method survey of effect sizes in the ABCD study","author":"MM Owens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Owens MM, Potter A, Hyatt C, Albaugh M, Thompson WK, Jernigan T, et al. Recalibrating expectations about effect size: a multi-method survey of effect sizes in the ABCD study. 2020. Available from: psyarxiv.com\/tn9u4"},{"key":"9407_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Edirisooriya M, Dykiert D, Auyeung B. IQ and internalising symptoms in adolescents with ASD. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-020-04810-y.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04810-y"},{"key":"9407_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-017-0687-7","volume":"26","author":"FJA van Steensel","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Steensel FJA, Heeman EJ. Anxiety levels in children with autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis. J Child Fam Stud. 2017;26:1753\u201367.","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"key":"9407_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Feilong M, Guntupalli JS, Haxby JV. The neural basis of intelligence in fine-grained cortical topographies. Elife. 2021;10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.64058.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.64058"},{"key":"9407_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2003-1122-L","volume":"114","author":"DF Gunther","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gunther DF, Eugster E, Zagar AJ, Bryant CG, Davenport ML, Quigley CA. Ascertainment bias in Turner syndrome: new insights from girls who were diagnosed incidentally in prenatal life. Pediatrics. 2004;114:640\u20134.","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"9407_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.05.037","volume":"163","author":"MZ Bardsley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bardsley MZ, Kowal K, Levy C, Gosek A, Ayari N, Tartaglia N, et al. 47,XYY syndrome: clinical phenotype and timing of ascertainment. J Pediatr. 2013;163:1085\u201394.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"9407_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31805","volume":"184","author":"A Berglund","year":"2020","unstructured":"Berglund A, Stochholm K, Gravholt CH. The epidemiology of sex chromosome abnormalities. Am J Med Genet C: Semin Med Genet. 2020;184:202\u201315.","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet C: Semin Med Genet"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s11689-021-09407-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s11689-021-09407-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s11689-021-09407-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T03:49:43Z","timestamp":1722916183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jneurodevdisorders.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s11689-021-09407-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11689-021-09407-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-543874\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1866-1947","1866-1955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-1947","type":"print"},{"value":"1866-1955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the NIH Combined Neuroscience Institutional Review Board. All participants and\/or their parents provided informed consent or assent, as appropriate.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"61"}}