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These children AR were diagnosed by clinicians. By using measured concentrations from monitoring stations, we estimated the exposures of particulate matter less than 10 \u03bcm in diameter (PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>), nitrogen dioxide (NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), ozone (O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) in preschool children aged 2\u20134 years. After adjusted potential confounding factors, we used logistic regression model to evaluate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for childhood AR with exposure to different air pollutants according to the increasing of the interquartile range (IQR) in the exposure level.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The prevalence of AR in children aged 2\u20134 years (6.4%) was related to early TRAP exposure. With an IQR (20 \u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>) increase in PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> levels, an adjusted OR was significantly elevated by 1.70 (95% CI, 1.19 to 2.66). Also, with an IQR (18 \u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>) increase in NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, an elevated adjusted OR was 1.85 (95% CI, 1.52 to 3.18). Among children with family stress and boys, PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> and NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> were positively related to AR symptoms. No significant association was found among children without family stress and girls.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Family stress and male gender may increase the risk of AR in preschool children with early exposure to PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> and NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-021-00969-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,17]],"date-time":"2021-04-17T16:02:46Z","timestamp":1618675366000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Early childhood traffic-related air pollution and risk of allergic rhinitis at 2\u20134 years of age modification by family stress and male gender: a case-control study in Shenyang, China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pai","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aihui","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"969_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4607","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.10.112","volume":"9","author":"Y Bao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bao Y, Chen J, Cheng L, Guo Y, Hong S, Kong W, et al. 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