{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T17:17:30Z","timestamp":1778174250718,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82000479"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82000479"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["LMS25H180003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LMS25H180003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2022ZFJH003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZFJH003"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Province science and technology plan project","award":["2021C03028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C03028"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Emerg Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12245-025-00867-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T13:47:16Z","timestamp":1743428836000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Early neurological wake-up test in intubated patients with traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Meng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang-li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-peng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xing-chen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan-run","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-gang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-feng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"867_CR1","volume":"54","author":"M Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang M, Li C, Zhang S, Gao X, Yang X. The incidence of brain trauma caused by road injuries: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Injury. 2023;54: 110984.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"867_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70164-9","volume":"7","author":"AI Maas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maas AI, Stocchetti N, Bullock R. Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:728\u201341.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"867_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annfar.2006.03.012","volume":"25","author":"M Leone","year":"2006","unstructured":"Leone M, Visintini P, Alliez JR, Alban\u00e8se J. What sedation for prevention and treatment secondary brain insult? Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2006;25:852\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Fr Anesth Reanim"},{"key":"867_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kollef MH, Levy NT, Ahrens TS, Schaiff R, Prentice D, Sherman G. The use of continuous i.v. sedation is associated with prolongation of mechanical ventilation. Chest. 1998; 114:541\u20138.","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.114.2.541"},{"key":"867_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12329-X","volume":"361","author":"L Pinhu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pinhu L, Whitehead T, Evans T, Griffiths M. Ventilator-associated lung injury. Lancet. 2003;361:332\u201340.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"867_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60105-1","volume":"371","author":"TD Girard","year":"2008","unstructured":"Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD, Thomason JW, Schweickert WD, Pun BT, et al. Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;371:126\u201334.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"867_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esnault P, Montcriol A, D Aranda E, Bordes J, Goutorbe P, Boret H, et al. Early neurological wake-up test in intubated brain-injured patients: A long-term, single-centre experience. Aust Crit Care. 2017; 30:273\u20138.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2016.10.002"},{"key":"867_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-009-9262-4","volume":"11","author":"R Helbok","year":"2009","unstructured":"Helbok R, Badjatia N. Is daily awakening always safe in severely brain injured patients? Neurocrit Care. 2009;11:133\u20134.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"867_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annfar.2009.10.003","volume":"28","author":"JF Payen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Payen JF, Francony G, Canet C, Coppo F, Fauvage B. Sedation in neurointensive care unit. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2009;28:1015\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Fr Anesth Reanim"},{"key":"867_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2009.04967.x","volume":"65","author":"S Anifantaki","year":"2009","unstructured":"Anifantaki S, Prinianakis G, Vitsaksaki E, Katsouli V, Mari S, Symianakis A, et al. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in an adult medical-surgical intensive care unit: randomized controlled trial. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65:1054\u201360.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"867_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31822d7dbd","volume":"40","author":"K Skoglund","year":"2012","unstructured":"Skoglund K, Enblad P, Hillered L, Marklund N. The neurological wake-up test increases stress hormone levels in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:216\u201322.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"867_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-013-9876-4","volume":"20","author":"K Skoglund","year":"2014","unstructured":"Skoglund K, Hillered L, Purins K, Tsitsopoulos PP, Flygt J, Engquist H, et al. The Neurological Wake-up Test Does not Alter Cerebral Energy Metabolism and Oxygenation in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurocrit Care. 2014;20:413\u201326.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"867_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.541782.AD","volume":"335","author":"E von Elm","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. BMJ. 2007;335:806\u20138.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"867_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.7.JNS131874","volume":"121","author":"PA Gomez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gomez PA, De-la-Cruz J, Lora D, Jimenez-Roldan L, Rodriguez-Boto G, Sarabia R, et al. Validation of a prognostic score for early mortality in severe head injury cases. J Neurosurg. 2014;121:1314\u201322.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"867_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/0269905021000010159","volume":"17","author":"D Mellick","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mellick D, Gerhart KA, Whiteneck GG. Understanding outcomes based on the post-acute hospitalization pathways followed by persons with traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2003;17:55\u201371.","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"867_CR16","first-page":"876","volume":"64","author":"A Colantonio","year":"2008","unstructured":"Colantonio A, Escobar MD, Chipman M, McLellan B, Austin PC, Mirabella G, et al. Predictors of postacute mortality following traumatic brain injury in a seriously injured population. J Trauma. 2008;64:876\u201382.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"867_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000356","volume":"77","author":"KA Peck","year":"2014","unstructured":"Peck KA, Calvo RY, Sise CB, Johnson J, Yen JW, Sise MJ, et al. Death after discharge: predictors of mortality in older brain-injured patients. J Trauma Acute Care. 2014;77:978\u201383.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care"},{"key":"867_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2393","volume":"338","author":"JA Sterne","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sterne JA, White IR, Carlin JB, Spratt M, Royston P, Kenward MG, et al. Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: potential and pitfalls. Bmj-Brit Med J. 2009;338: b2393.","journal-title":"Bmj-Brit Med J"},{"key":"867_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.08.005","volume":"131","author":"W Gu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gu W, Duan X, Liu X, Cen Y, Tao L, Lyu J, et al. Association of magnesium sulfate use with mortality in critically ill patients with sepsis: a retrospective propensity score-matched cohort study. Brit J Anaesth. 2023;131:861\u201370.","journal-title":"Brit J Anaesth"},{"key":"867_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3697","volume":"28","author":"PC Austin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Austin PC. Balance diagnostics for comparing the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups in propensity-score matched samples. Stat Med. 2009;28:3083\u2013107.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"867_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2016.11.11","volume":"4","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Zheng C, Kim C, Van Poucke S, Lin S, Lan P. Causal mediation analysis in the context of clinical research. Ann Transl Med. 2016;4:425.","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"867_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2625-0","volume":"23","author":"H Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen H, Zhao C, Wei Y, Jin J. Early lactate measurement is associated with better outcomes in septic patients with an elevated serum lactate level. Crit Care. 2019;23:351.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"867_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70253-2","volume":"5","author":"AI Maas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maas AI, Murray G, Henney HR, Kassem N, Legrand V, Mangelus M, et al. Efficacy and safety of dexanabinol in severe traumatic brain injury: results of a phase III randomised, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:38\u201345.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"867_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.12.JNS131090","volume":"120","author":"C Iaccarino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Iaccarino C, Schiavi P, Picetti E, Goldoni M, Cerasti D, Caspani M, et al. Patients with brain contusions: predictors of outcome and relationship between radiological and clinical evolution. J Neurosurg. 2014;120:908\u201318.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"867_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30118-7","volume":"16","author":"N Stocchetti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stocchetti N, Carbonara M, Citerio G, Ercole A, Skrifvars MB, Smielewski P, et al. Severe traumatic brain injury: targeted management in the intensive care unit. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16:452\u201364.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"867_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-009-9255-3","volume":"11","author":"K Skoglund","year":"2009","unstructured":"Skoglund K, Enblad P, Marklund N. Effects of the Neurological Wake-Up Test on Intracranial Pressure and Cerebral Perfusion Pressure in Brain-Injured Patients. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11:135\u201342.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"867_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R226","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11880","volume":"16","author":"R Helbok","year":"2012","unstructured":"Helbok R, Kurtz P, Schmidt MJ, Stuart MR, Fernandez L, Connolly SE, et al. Effects of the neurological wake-up test on clinical examination, intracranial pressure, brain metabolism and brain tissue oxygenation in severely brain-injured patients. Crit Care. 2012;16:R226.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"867_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e791","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000660","volume":"42","author":"BA Khan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khan BA, Fadel WF, Tricker JL, Carlos WG, Farber MO, Hui SL, et al. Effectiveness of Implementing a Wake Up and Breathe Program on Sedation and Delirium in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2014;42:e791\u20135.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"867_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367337","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1367337","volume":"12","author":"HD Mulder","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mulder HD, Helfferich J, Kneyber M. The neurological wake-up test in severe pediatric traumatic brain injury: a long term, single-center experience. Front Pediatr. 2024;12:1367337.","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"867_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00540","volume":"8","author":"N Marklund","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marklund N. The Neurological Wake-up Test-A Role in Neurocritical Care Monitoring of Traumatic Brain Injury Patients? Front Neurol. 2017;8:540.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"867_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05935-5","volume":"46","author":"C Robba","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robba C, Galimberti S, Graziano F, Wiegers E, Lingsma HF, Iaquaniello C, et al. Tracheostomy practice and timing in traumatic brain-injured patients: a CENTER-TBI study. Intens Care Med. 2020;46:983\u201394.","journal-title":"Intens Care Med"},{"key":"867_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e325","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004239","volume":"48","author":"SA de Franca","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Franca SA, Tavares WM, Salinet A, Paiva WS, Teixeira MJ. Early Tracheostomy in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: A Meta-Analysis and Comparison With Late Tracheostomy. Crit Care Med. 2020;48:e325\u201331.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12245-025-00867-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12245-025-00867-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12245-025-00867-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T13:48:21Z","timestamp":1743428901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/intjem.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12245-025-00867-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["867"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12245-025-00867-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-1380"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-1380","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was acquired from the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine (IIT20230299B-R1), with written informed consent was waived.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"63"}}