{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T00:20:18Z","timestamp":1793406018791,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Doris M. and Norman T. Halpin Prize for Innovative and Interdisciplinary Senior Capstone Project from the School of Engineering at Brown University"},{"name":"Brown Physicians, Inc","award":["CC 7132159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CC 7132159"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Emerg Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12245-025-00962-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T11:58:35Z","timestamp":1755691115000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A periscope-based, 3D printed indirect laryngoscope for resource limited settings: a non-randomized observational manikin trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Phillip R.","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Maguire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliza","family":"Sternlicht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austin M.","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Whit","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"962_CR1","unstructured":"Cairns C, Kang K, Santo L, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.: 2018 Emergency Department Summary Tables [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2023 Jun 27]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhamcs\/web_tables\/2018_ed_web_tables-508.pdf"},{"issue":"6","key":"962_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aev371","volume":"115","author":"C Frerk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frerk C, Mitchell VS, McNarry AF, Mendonca C, Bhagrath R, Patel A, et al. Difficult airway society 2015 guidelines for management of unanticipated difficult intubation in adults. BJA Br J Anaesth. 2015;115(6):827\u201348.","journal-title":"BJA Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"3","key":"962_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-014-2845-z","volume":"39","author":"M Michailidou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Michailidou M, O\u2019Keeffe T, Mosier JM, Friese RS, Joseph B, Rhee P, et al. A comparison of video laryngoscopy to direct laryngoscopy for the emergency intubation of trauma patients. World J Surg. 2015;39(3):782\u20138.","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"962_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-013-0995-x","volume":"9","author":"JC Sakles","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sakles JC, Patanwala AE, Mosier JM, Dicken JM. Comparison of video laryngoscopy to direct laryngoscopy for intubation of patients with difficult airway characteristics in the emergency department. Intern Emerg Med. 2014;9(1):93\u20138.","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"962_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nalubola S, Jin E, Drugge ED, Weber G, Abramowicz AE. Video versus direct laryngoscopy in novice intubators: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus 2022;14(9):e29578.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.29578"},{"issue":"4","key":"962_CR6","first-page":"CD011136","volume":"2022","author":"J Hansel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hansel J, Rogers AM, Lewis SR, Cook TM, Smith AF. Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;2022(4):CD011136.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"962_CR7","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"Medical Advisory Secretariat","year":"2004","unstructured":"Medical Advisory Secretariat. Video laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2004;4(5):1\u201323.","journal-title":"Ont Health Technol Assess Ser"},{"key":"962_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-017-0362-y","volume":"17","author":"S Rendeki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rendeki S, Keresztes D, Woth G, M\u00e9rei \u00c1, Rozanovic M, Rendeki M, et al. Comparison of VividTrac\u00ae, Airtraq\u00ae, King Vision\u00ae, macintosh laryngoscope and a custom-made videolaryngoscope for difficult and normal airways in mannequins by novices. BMC Anesthesiol. 2017;17:68.","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"962_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2020.5.47831","volume":"21","author":"J Saoraya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saoraya J, Musikatavorn K, Sereeyotin J. Low-cost videolaryngoscope in response to COVID-19 pandemic. West J Emerg Med. 2020;21(4):817\u20138.","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"962_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001264","volume":"37","author":"CT Lambert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lambert CT, John SC, John AV. Development and performance testing of the low-cost, 3D-printed, smartphone-compatible \u2018tansen videolaryngoscope\u2019 vs. Pentax-AWS videolaryngoscope vs. direct macintosh laryngoscope: a manikin study. Eur J Anaesthesiol EJA. 2020;37(11):992.","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol EJA"},{"key":"962_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2023.111145","volume":"89","author":"A Thaler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thaler A, Gravenstein D, Arciprete J, Peerzada W, Turnquest A, Green MS, et al. Cost comparison of direct laryngoscopy to a portable video laryngoscope in a large academic center. J Clin Anesth. 2023;89:111145.","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"issue":"4","key":"962_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28724","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028724","volume":"101","author":"TW Kang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kang TW, Wang JD, Tsai YS, Lin CR, Tseng CCA. Intubation difficulty scale contributors and time delay in clinical practice. Med (Baltim). 2022;101(4):e28724.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"8","key":"962_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.13193","volume":"24","author":"PB Savino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Savino PB, Reichelderfer S, Mercer MP, Wang RC, Sporer KA. Direct versus video laryngoscopy for prehospital intubation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med Off J Soc Acad Emerg Med. 2017;24(8):1018\u201326.","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med Off J Soc Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"962_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2011.06871.x","volume":"66","author":"Y Lu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lu Y, Jiang H, Zhu YS. Airtraq laryngoscope versus conventional macintosh laryngoscope: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anaesthesia. 2011;66(12):1160\u20137.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"962_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang A, Saltarelli N, Cooper D, Amatya Y, House DR. Establishing a low-resource simulation emergency medicine curriculum in Nepal. MedEdPORTAL J Teach Learn Resour. 2020;16:10924.","DOI":"10.15766\/mep_2374-8265.10924"},{"issue":"9","key":"962_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2010.02285.x","volume":"54","author":"P Niforopoulou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Niforopoulou P, Pantazopoulos I, Demestiha T, Koudouna E, Xanthos T. Video-laryngoscopes in the adult airway management: a topical review of the literature. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010;54(9):1050\u201361.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"962_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006082","volume":"135","author":"BJ Hindman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hindman BJ, Dexter F, Gadomski BC, Puttlitz CM. Relationship between glottic view and intubation force during macintosh and Airtraq laryngoscopy and intubation. Anesth Analg. 2022;135(4):815.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"962_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2020.02.005","volume":"78","author":"N Gupta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gupta N, Singh S, Shouche S, Mishra SK. Tracheal intubation using the Airtraq video laryngoscope vs. Macintosh laryngoscope in patients with anticipated difficult intubation. Med J Armed Forces India. 2022;78(Suppl 1):S31\u20134.","journal-title":"Med J Armed Forces India"},{"issue":"4","key":"962_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2024.0063","volume":"150","author":"Y Srinivasan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Srinivasan Y, Shamritsky D, Bhatta A, Chou E, Pham T, Sanghvi Y, et al. Design and usability of an open-source, low-cost flexible laryngoscope for resource-limited settings. JAMA Otolaryngol Neck Surg. 2024;150(4):342\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Neck Surg"},{"key":"962_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05388-0","volume":"24","author":"\u015e Merter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Merter \u015e, Kayayurt K, Kitap\u00e7\u0131o\u011flu D, Yaylaci S. Comparison of AirAngel\u00ae vs. Storz\u00ae videolaryngoscope and Macintosh\u00ae laryngoscope for endotracheal intubation training: prospective randomized crossover study. BMC Med Educ. 2024;24:933.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"962_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000007067","volume":"140","author":"PB Detoni","year":"2025","unstructured":"Detoni PB, Nascimento JS, Ara\u00fajo Azi LMT, Pustilnik AG, Gusm\u00e3o-Cunha A, M\u00f3dolo NSP, et al. McGrath MAC versus three-dimensional printed video laryngoscopes: a randomized, manikin-simulated noninferiority controlled study with medical students. Anesth Analg. 2025;140(2):334.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"962_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnhill J, Gaston JD, Deffenbaugh PI, Wagner L, Liacouras PC, Ho VB. Additive manufacturing for fabrication of point-of-care therapies in austere environments. Mil Med. 2023;188(7\u2013):e1847\u201353.","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usad007"},{"key":"962_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Snell CCD. Nursing the critically ill surgical patient in Zambia. Br J Nurs [Internet]. 2016 Nov 11 [cited 2023 Jul 8]. Available from: https:\/\/www.magonlinelibrary.com\/doi\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12968\/bjon.2016.25.20.1123","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2016.25.20.1123"},{"issue":"1","key":"962_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2011.06.019","volume":"30","author":"AJR Lasprilla","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lasprilla AJR, Martinez GAR, Lunelli BH, Jardini AL, Filho RM. Poly-lactic acid synthesis for application in biomedical devices\u2014a review. Biotechnol Adv. 2012;30(1):321\u20138.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Adv"},{"issue":"19","key":"962_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4117","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14194117","volume":"14","author":"S P\u00e9rez-Davila","year":"2022","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Davila S, Gonz\u00e1lez-Rodr\u00edguez L, Lama R, L\u00f3pez-\u00c1lvarez M, Oliveira AL, Serra J, et al. 3D-printed PLA medical devices: physicochemical changes and biological response after sterilisation treatments. Polymers. 2022;14(19):4117.","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"issue":"2","key":"962_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2014.02.020","volume":"189","author":"TM Rankin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rankin TM, Giovinco NA, Cucher DJ, Watts G, Hurwitz B, Armstrong DG. 3D printing surgical instruments: are we there yet? J Surg Res. 2014;189(2):193\u20137.","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"962_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.09.010","volume":"35","author":"LF Muscarella","year":"2007","unstructured":"Muscarella LF. Prevention of disease transmission during flexible laryngoscopy. Am J Infect Control. 2007;35(8):536\u201344.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"962_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0015","DOI":"10.1097\/EA9.0000000000000015","volume":"2","author":"L Gorman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gorman L, Dickson AN, Monaghan M, Vaughan F, Murphy B, Dowling DP, et al. Novel co-axial, disposable, low-cost 3D printed videolaryngoscopes for patients with COVID-19: a manikin study. Eur J Anaesthesiol Intensive Care. 2022;2(1):e0015.","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol Intensive Care"},{"key":"962_CR29","first-page":"157","volume":"16","author":"T Fonternel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fonternel T, van Rooyen H, Joubert G, Turton E. Evaluating the usability of a 3D-printed video laryngoscope for tracheal intubation of a manikin. Med Devices Auckl NZ. 2023;16:157\u201365.","journal-title":"Med Devices Auckl NZ"},{"issue":"2","key":"962_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-022-01553-9","volume":"43","author":"J Rumpel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rumpel J, O\u2019Neal L, Kaukis N, Rogers S, Stack J, Hollenberg J, et al. Manikin to patient intubation: does it translate? J Perinatol. 2023;43(2):233\u20135.","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"962_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2015.05.001","volume":"92","author":"R Schalk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schalk R, Eichler K, Bergold MN, Weber CF, Zacharowski K, Meininger D, et al. A radiographic comparison of human airway anatomy and airway manikins\u2013Implications for manikin-based testing of artificial airways. Resuscitation. 2015;92:129\u201336.","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"6","key":"962_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318254cf41","volume":"116","author":"K Schebesta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schebesta K, H\u00fcpfl M, R\u00f6ssler B, Ringl H, M\u00fcller MP, Kimberger O. Degrees of reality: airway anatomy of high-fidelity human patient simulators and airway trainers. Anesthesiology. 2012;116(6):1204\u20139.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12245-025-00962-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12245-025-00962-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12245-025-00962-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T09:08:21Z","timestamp":1757408901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/intjem.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12245-025-00962-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["962"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12245-025-00962-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-1380"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-1380","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"156"}}