{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T12:01:09Z","timestamp":1780574469992,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630886400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Evonik Operations GmbH"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019415","name":"H. Wilhelm Schaumann Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019415","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007537","name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Given the key role of methionine (Met) in biological processes like protein translation, methylation, and antioxidant defense, inadequate Met supply can limit performance. This study investigated the effect of different dietary Met sources on the expression profile of various Met transporters along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 27 pigs received a diet supplemented with 0.21% DL-Met, 0.21% L-Met, or 0.31% DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (DL-HMTBA). Changes in mRNA expression of <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>0<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup><jats:italic>AT1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ATB<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>0,+<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>rBAT<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ASCT2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>IMINO<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>LAT4<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>y<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>+<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup><jats:italic>LAT1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>LAT2<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>SNAT2<\/jats:italic> were evaluated in the oral mucosa, cardia, fundus, pylorus, duodenum, proximal jejunum, middle jejunum, ileum, cecum, proximal colon, and distal colon, complemented by protein expression analysis of B<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>AT1, ASCT2, LAT2, and LAT4.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Expression of all investigated transcripts differed significantly along the GIT. <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>0<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup><jats:italic>AT1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>rBAT<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>y<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>+<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup><jats:italic>LAT1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>LAT2<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>LAT4<\/jats:italic> showed strongest mRNA expression in small intestinal segments. <jats:italic>ASCT2, IMINO<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>SNAT2<\/jats:italic> were similarly expressed along the small and large intestines but expression differed in the oral mucosa and stomach. <jats:italic>ATB<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>0,+<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> showed highest mRNA expression in large intestinal tissues, cardia, and pylorus. In pigs fed DL-Met, mRNA expression of <jats:italic>ASCT2<\/jats:italic> was higher than in pigs fed DL-HMTBA in small intestinal tissues and mRNA expression of <jats:italic>IMINO<\/jats:italic> was lower than in pigs fed L-Met in large intestinal tissues. Dietary DL-HMTBA induced a stronger mRNA expression of basolateral uptake systems either in the small (<jats:italic>LAT2<\/jats:italic>) or large (<jats:italic>y<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>+<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup><jats:italic>LAT1<\/jats:italic>) intestine. Protein expression of B<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>AT1 was higher in the middle jejunum and ileum in pigs fed DL-Met when compared with the other Met supplements. LAT4 expression was higher in pigs fed DL-HMTBA when compared with DL-Met (small intestine) and L-Met (small intestine, oral mucosa, and stomach).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A high expression of several Met transporters in small intestinal segments underlines the primary role of these segments in amino acid absorption; however, some Met transporters show high transcript and protein levels also in large intestine, oral mucosa, and stomach. A diet containing DL-Met has potential to increase apical Met transport in the small\u00a0intestine, whereas a diet containing DL-HMTBA has potential to increase basolateral Met transport in the small intestine and, partly, other gastrointestinal tissues.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-021-00694-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T12:03:01Z","timestamp":1630929781000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Expression of proposed methionine transporters along the gastrointestinal tract of pigs and their regulation by dietary methionine sources"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Stella","family":"Romanet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5080-1007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg R.","family":"Aschenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Pieper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Zentek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John K.","family":"Htoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose A.","family":"Whelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Mastrototaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"694_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-008-0152-4","volume":"37","author":"WW Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang WW, Qiao SY, Li DF. Amino acids and gut function. Amino Acids. 2009;37(1):105\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00726-008-0152-4.","journal-title":"Amino Acids."},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"694_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.077826-0","volume":"160","author":"MP Ferla","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ferla MP, Patrick WM. Bacterial methionine biosynthesis. Microbiology (Reading). 2014;160(Pt 8):1571\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mic.0.077826-0.","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading)."},{"key":"694_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chiang PK, Gordon RK, Tal J, Zeng GC, Doctor BP, Pardhasaradhi K, et al. S-Adenosylmethionine and methylation. FASEB J. 1996;10(4):471\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fasebj.10.4.8647346.","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.10.4.8647346"},{"issue":"2","key":"694_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-118414","volume":"23","author":"S Luo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Luo S, Levine RL. Methionine in proteins defends against oxidative stress. FASEB J. 2009;23(2):464\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.08-118414.","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"694_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Tian G, Chen D, Zheng P, Yu J, He J, et al. Effect of different dietary protein levels and amino acids supplementation patterns on growth performance, carcass characteristics and nitrogen excretion in growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2019;10(1):75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40104-019-0381-2.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-019-0381-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"694_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.812492x","volume":"81","author":"JA Shriver","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shriver JA, Carter SD, Sutton AL, Richert BT, Senne BW, Pettey LA. Effects of adding fiber sources to reduced-crude protein, amino acid-supplemented diets on nitrogen excretion, growth performance, and carcass traits of finishing pigs. J Anim Sci. 2003;81(2):492\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2527\/2003.812492x.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"694_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.2527\/1997.753700x","volume":"75","author":"TT Canh","year":"1997","unstructured":"Canh TT, Verstegen MW, Aarnink AJ, Schrama JW. Influence of dietary factors on nitrogen partitioning and composition of urine and feces of fattening pigs. J Anim Sci. 1997;75(3):700\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2527\/1997.753700x.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"694_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-7746","volume":"93","author":"QF Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li QF, Trottier N, Powers W. Feeding reduced crude protein diets with crystalline amino acids supplementation reduce air gas emissions from housing. J Anim Sci. 2015;93(2):721\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2527\/jas.2014-7746.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"694_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-018-0276-7","volume":"9","author":"Y Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zhou J, Wang G, Cai S, Zeng X, Qiao S. Advances in low-protein diets for swine. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2018;9(1):60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40104-018-0276-7.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol."},{"issue":"3","key":"694_CR10","first-page":"2623","volume":"10","author":"EFSA ( European Food Safety Authority) Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed","year":"2012","unstructured":"EFSA ( European Food Safety Authority) Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed. Scientific Opinion on DL-methionine, DL-methionine sodium salt, the hydroxy analogue of methionine and the calcium salt of methionine hydroxy analogue in all animal species; on the isopropyl ester of methionine hydroxy analogue and DL-methionine technically pure protected with copolymer vinylpyridine\/styrene in dairy cows; and on DL-methionine technically pure protected with ethylcellulose in ruminants. EFSA J. 2012;10(3):2623\u201365.","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"694_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.2741\/e744","volume":"7","author":"S Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang S, Wong EA, Gilbert ER. Bioavailability of different dietary supplemental methionine sources in animals. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2015;7:478\u201390.","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Elite Ed)"},{"key":"694_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2021.110908","volume":"255","author":"K Masagounder","year":"2021","unstructured":"To V, Masagounder K, Loewen ME. Critical transporters of methionine and methionine hydroxyl analogue supplements across the intestine: what we know so far and what can be learned to advance animal nutrition. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2021;255:110908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpa.2021.110908.","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"694_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.1.49","volume":"137","author":"R Mart\u00edn-Venegas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Venegas R, Rodr\u00edguez-Lagunas MJ, Geraert PA, Ferrer R. Monocarboxylate transporter 1 mediates DL-2-hydroxy-(4-methylthio)butanoic acid transport across the apical membrane of Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Nutr. 2007;137(1):49\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/137.1.49.","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"issue":"12","key":"694_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1571","volume":"68","author":"L Mastrototaro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mastrototaro L, Sponder G, Saremi B, Aschenbach JR. Gastrointestinal methionine shuttle: priority handling of precious goods. IUBMB Life. 2016;68(12):924\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/iub.1571.","journal-title":"IUBMB Life."},{"key":"694_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Magagnin S, Bertran J, Werner A, Markovich D, Biber J, Palac\u00edn M, et al. Poly(A)+ RNA from rabbit intestinal mucosa induces b0,+ and y+ amino acid transport activities in Xenopus laevis oocytes. J Biol Chem. 1992;267(22):15384\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)49545-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)49545-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"694_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-007-0127-z","volume":"36","author":"G Wendt-Nordahl","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wendt-Nordahl G, Sagi S, Bolenz C, Alken P, Michel MS, Knoll T. Evaluation of cystine transport in cultured human kidney cells and establishment of cystinuria type I phenotype by antisense technology. Urol Res. 2008;36(1):25\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00240-007-0127-z.","journal-title":"Urol Res."},{"key":"694_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mora C, Chillar\u00f3n J, Calonge MJ, Forgo J, Testar X, Nunes V, et al. The rBAT gene is responsible for L-cystine uptake via the b0,(+)-like amino acid transport system in a \"renal proximal tubular\" cell line (OK cells). J Biol Chem. 1996;271(18):10569\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.271.18.10569.","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.18.10569"},{"issue":"1","key":"694_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-201X.2005.01451.x","volume":"185","author":"P Soares-da-Silva","year":"2005","unstructured":"Soares-da-Silva P, Serr\u00e3o P, Fraga S, Pinho MJ. Expression and function of LAT1, a neutral amino acid exchanger, in renal porcine epithelial cell line LLC-PK. Acta Physiol Scand. 2005;185(1):71\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-201X.2005.01451.x.","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand."},{"issue":"1","key":"694_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2006","volume":"88","author":"S Broer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Broer S. Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia. Physiol Rev. 2008;88(1):249\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00018.2006.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"694_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/18.1.49","volume":"18","author":"R Pfeiffer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pfeiffer R, Rossier G, Spindler B, Meier C, Kuhn L, Verrey F. Amino acid transport of y+L-type by heterodimers of 4F2hc\/CD98 and members of the glycoprotein-associated amino acid transporter family. Embo J. 1999;18(1):49\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/emboj\/18.1.49.","journal-title":"Embo J."},{"issue":"2-3","key":"694_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.10.007","volume":"34","author":"D Fotiadis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fotiadis D, Kanai Y, Palacin M. The SLC3 and SLC7 families of amino acid transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013;34(2-3):139\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mam.2012.10.007.","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med."},{"key":"694_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Romanet S, Aschenbach JR, Pieper R, Zentek J, Htoo JK, Whelan RA, et al. Dietary supplementation of dl-methionine potently induces sodium-dependent l-methionine absorption in porcine jejunum ex vivo. J Nutr. 2020;150(7):1782\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/nxaa115.","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa115"},{"key":"694_CR23","unstructured":"Zhang S, Saremi B, Gilbert ER, Wong EA. Intestinal nutrient transporter gene expression in broiler chickens fed methionine isomers or precursors. Poult Sci. 2015;94(E-Suppl. 1):4."},{"issue":"5","key":"694_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19940181","volume":"71","author":"AJ Darragh","year":"1994","unstructured":"Darragh AJ, Cranwell PD, Moughan PJ. Absorption of lysine and methionine from the proximal colon of the piglet. Br J Nutr. 1994;71(5):739\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/BJN19940181.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"694_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1177","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00465.2002","volume":"284","author":"D Torrallardona","year":"2003","unstructured":"Torrallardona D, Harris CI, Fuller MF. Lysine synthesized by the gastrointestinal microflora of pigs is absorbed, mostly in the small intestine. Am J Physiol: Endocrinol Metab. 2003;284(6):E1177\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00465.2002.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol: Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"694_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trottier N, Walker R. Nutritional aspects of proteins. In: Ustunol Z, editor. Applied Food Protein Chemistry: Chichester. p. 113\u201337.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118860588.ch8"},{"key":"694_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engelhardt Wv, Breves G, Diener M, G\u00e4bel G. Physiologie der Haustiere. 5th ed. Stuttgart: Enke; 2015.","DOI":"10.1055\/b-003-125805"},{"issue":"1","key":"694_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1976.sp011590","volume":"262","author":"PS James","year":"1976","unstructured":"James PS, Smith MW. Methionine transport by pig colonic mucosa measured during early post-natal development. J Physiol. 1976;262(1):151\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1976.sp011590.","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"694_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-006-0477-9","volume":"33","author":"F Blachier","year":"2007","unstructured":"Blachier F, Mariotti F, Huneau JF, Tom\u00e9 D. Effects of amino acid-derived luminal metabolites on the colonic epithelium and physiopathological consequences. Amino Acids. 2007;33(4):547\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00726-006-0477-9.","journal-title":"Amino Acids."},{"issue":"7","key":"694_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857s","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.7.1857S","volume":"130","author":"CC Metges","year":"2000","unstructured":"Metges CC. Contribution of microbial amino acids to amino acid homeostasis of the host. J Nutr. 2000;130(7):1857s\u201364s.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"694_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mco.0000196142.72985.d3","volume":"9","author":"CC Metges","year":"2006","unstructured":"Metges CC, Eberhard M, Petzke KJ. Synthesis and absorption of intestinal microbial lysine in humans and non-ruminant animals and impact on human estimated average requirement of dietary lysine. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2006;9(1):37\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.mco.0000196142.72985.d3.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care."},{"key":"694_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hatanaka T, Huang W, Nakanishi T, Bridges CC, Smith SB, Prasad PD, et al. Transport of D-serine via the amino acid transporter ATB(0,+) expressed in the colon. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;291(2):291\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/bbrc.2002.6441.","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2002.6441"},{"issue":"2","key":"694_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G365","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.281.2.G365","volume":"281","author":"S Ugawa","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ugawa S, Sunouchi Y, Ueda T, Takahashi E, Saishin Y, Shimada S. Characterization of a mouse colonic system B(0+) amino acid transporter related to amino acid absorption in colon. Am J Physiol: Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2001;281(2):G365\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.281.2.G365.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol: Gastrointest Liver Physiol."},{"issue":"25","key":"694_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14883","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.25.14883","volume":"271","author":"N Utsunomiya-Tate","year":"1996","unstructured":"Utsunomiya-Tate N, Endou H, Kanai Y. Cloning and functional characterization of a system ASC-like Na+-dependent neutral amino acid transporter. J Biol Chem. 1996;271(25):14883\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.271.25.14883.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"694_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kobayashi M, Hashimoto F, Ohe K, Nadamura T, Nishi K, Shikano N, et al. Transport mechanism of (11)C-labeled L- and D-methionine in human-derived tumor cells. Nucl Med Biol. 2012;39(8):1213\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2012.06.006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2012.06.006"},{"issue":"2","key":"694_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew253","volume":"96","author":"S Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang S, Saremi B, Gilbert ER, Wong EA. Physiological and biochemical aspects of methionine isomers and a methionine analogue in broilers. Poult Sci. 2017;96(2):425\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps\/pew253.","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"issue":"34","key":"694_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23740","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.34.23740","volume":"274","author":"JL Sloan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sloan JL, Mager S. Cloning and functional expression of a human Na+ and Cl\u2212-dependent neutral and cationic amino acid transporter B0+. J Biol Chem. 1999;274(34):23740\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.274.34.23740.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"694_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(95)00107-E","volume":"1238","author":"LK Munck","year":"1995","unstructured":"Munck LK, Grondahl ML, Skadhauge E. beta-Amino acid transport in pig small intestine in vitro by a high-affinity, chloride-dependent carrier. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995;1238(1):49\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-2736(95)00107-E.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"694_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01868733","volume":"83","author":"BG Munck","year":"1985","unstructured":"Munck BG. Transport of neutral and cationic amino acids across the brush-border membrane of the rabbit ileum. J Membr Biol. 1985;83(1-2):1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01868733.","journal-title":"J Membr Biol."},{"key":"694_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang GL, Ren J, Zhang SH, Huang WB, Guo YM, Duan YY, et al. Isolation and molecular characterization of the porcine SLC6A14 gene excludes it as a candidate gene for fat deposition and growth. J Appl Genet. 2010;51(3):299\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03208859.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03208859"},{"issue":"10","key":"694_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731109990267","volume":"3","author":"G Malik","year":"2009","unstructured":"Malik G, Hoehler D, Rademacher M, Drew MD, Van Kessel AG. Apparent absorption of methionine and 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid from gastrointestinal tract of conventional and gnotobiotic pigs. Animal. 2009;3(10):1378\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1751731109990267.","journal-title":"Animal."},{"issue":"3","key":"694_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2008.09.008","volume":"177","author":"A Nickel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nickel A, Kottra G, Schmidt G, Danier J, Hofmann T, Daniel H. Characteristics of transport of selenoamino acids by epithelial amino acid transporters. Chem-Biol Interact. 2009;177(3):234\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2008.09.008.","journal-title":"Chem-Biol Interact."},{"issue":"21","key":"694_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14274","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14274","volume":"7","author":"K Masagounder","year":"2019","unstructured":"To V, Masagounder K, Loewen ME. SLC transporters ASCT2, B0 AT1-like, y+ LAT1, and LAT4-like associate with methionine electrogenic and radio-isotope flux kinetics in rainbow trout intestine. Physiol Rep. 2019;7(21):e14274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14814\/phy2.14274.","journal-title":"Physiol Rep."},{"key":"694_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112817","volume":"11","author":"A Takakuwa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Takakuwa A, Nakamura K, Kikuchi M, Sugimoto R, Ohira S, Yokoi Y, et al. Butyric acid and leucine induce \u03b1-defensin secretion from small intestinal Paneth cells. Nutrients. 2019;11:11.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"694_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.283960","volume":"593","author":"A Guetg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guetg A, Mariotta L, Bock L, Herzog B, Fingerhut R, Camargo SM, et al. Essential amino acid transporter Lat4 (Slc43a2) is required for mouse development. J Physiol (Oxford, U K). 2015;593(5):1273\u201389.","journal-title":"J Physiol (Oxford, U K)"},{"issue":"12","key":"694_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12002","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M408638200","volume":"280","author":"S Bodoy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bodoy S, Mart\u00edn L, Zorzano A, Palac\u00edn M, Est\u00e9vez R, Bertran J. Identification of LAT4, a novel amino acid transporter with system L activity. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(12):12002\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M408638200.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"694_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2019.06.007","volume":"5","author":"Y Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang Y, Yin X, Yin D, Lei Z, Mahmood T, Yuan J. Antioxidant response and bioavailability of methionine hydroxy analog relative to DL-methionine in broiler chickens. Anim Nutr. 2019;5(3):241\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aninu.2019.06.007.","journal-title":"Anim Nutr."},{"issue":"10","key":"694_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/124.10.1907","volume":"124","author":"J Chen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chen J, Zhu Y, Hu M. Mechanisms and kinetics of uptake and efflux of L-methionine in an intestinal epithelial model (Caco-2). J Nutr. 1994;124(10):1907\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/124.10.1907.","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"issue":"7","key":"694_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.7.1609","volume":"135","author":"AK Shoveller","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shoveller AK, Stoll B, Ball RO, Burrin DG. Nutritional and functional importance of intestinal sulfur amino acid metabolism. J Nutr. 2005;135(7):1609\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/135.7.1609.","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"694_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fang Z, Huang F, Luo J, Wei H, Ma L, Jiang S, et al. Effects of dl-2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutyrate on the first-pass intestinal metabolism of dietary methionine and its extra-intestinal availability. Br J Nutr. 2010;103(5):643\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114509992169.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509992169"},{"issue":"3","key":"694_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72175-0","volume":"89","author":"GE Lobley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lobley GE, Wester TJ, Calder AG, Parker DS, Dibner JJ, V\u00e1zquez-A\u00f1\u00f3n M. Absorption of 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutyrate and conversion to methionine in lambs. J Dairy Sci. 2006;89(3):1072\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72175-0.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"694_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422409990138","volume":"22","author":"C Bauchart-Thevret","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bauchart-Thevret C, Stoll B, Burrin DG. Intestinal metabolism of sulfur amino acids. Nutr Res Rev. 2009;22(2):175\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954422409990138.","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev."},{"key":"694_CR53","unstructured":"Vazquez-Anon M, Parker D, Dibner JJ. Differential response of free plasma D- and L-met in cows fed different rumen protected methionine sources. J Dairy Sci. 2001:284."},{"key":"694_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13562","volume":"6","author":"S Klinger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klinger S, Lange P, Brandt E, Hustedt K, Schr\u00f6der B, Breves G, et al. Degree of SGLT1 phosphorylation is associated with but does not determine segment-specific glucose transport features in the porcine small intestines. Physiol Rep. 2018;6:1.","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"694_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.07.070187.002045","volume":"7","author":"E Miller","year":"1987","unstructured":"Miller E, Ullrey D. The pig as a model for human nutrition. Annu Rev Nutr. 1987;7(1):361\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.nu.07.070187.002045.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"694_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06345.x","volume":"1245","author":"EM Walters","year":"2011","unstructured":"Walters EM, Agca Y, Ganjam V, Evans T. Animal models got you puzzled?: think pig. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011;1245(1):63\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06345.x.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"694_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2015.01.004","volume":"166","author":"LM Gonzalez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gonzalez LM, Moeser AJ, Blikslager AT. Porcine models of digestive disease: the future of large animal translational research. Transl Res. 2015;166(1):12\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trsl.2015.01.004.","journal-title":"Transl Res."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"694_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S273","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512002346","volume":"108","author":"A Deglaire","year":"2012","unstructured":"Deglaire A, Moughan PJ. Animal models for determining amino acid digestibility in humans - a review. Br J Nutr. 2012;108(Suppl 2):S273\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114512002346.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."}],"container-title":["Genes &amp; Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12263-021-00694-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12263-021-00694-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12263-021-00694-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T12:03:40Z","timestamp":1630929820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/genesandnutrition.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12263-021-00694-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["694"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12263-021-00694-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-8932","1865-3499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-8932","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-3499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Experiments were conducted following the approval of the local authorities responsible for animal care and use, the \u201cLandesamt f\u00fcr Gesundheit und Soziales Berlin\u201d (LaGeSo Berlin, Germany; Registration No. T 0264\/15).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"JKH and RAW are employees of Evonik Operations GmbH. This fact had no influence on the acquisition and interpretation of data. All other authors have no conflict of interest to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14"}}