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We reviewed the progress made towards meeting the air quality standards established by the EU Ambient Air Quality Directives (European Council Directive 2008\/50\/EC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guidelines by estimating the trends (Mann-Kendal test) in national emissions of main air pollutants, urban population exposure to air pollution, and in mortality related to exposure to ambient fine particles (PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and tropospheric ozone (O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Despite significant reductions of emissions (e.g., sulfur oxides:\u2009~\u200980%, nitrogen oxides:\u2009~\u200946%, non-methane volatile organic compounds:\u2009~\u200944%, particulate matters with a diameter lower than 2.5\u00a0\u00b5m and 10\u00a0\u00b5m:\u2009~\u200930%), the EU-28 urban population was exposed to PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      and O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels widely exceeding the WHO limit values for the protection of human health. Between 2000 and 2017, the annual PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      -related number of deaths decreased (- 4.85 per 10\n                      <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                      inhabitants) in line with a reduction of PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels observed at urban air quality monitoring stations. The rising O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels became a major public health issue in the EU-28 cities where the annual O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      -related number of premature deaths increased (+\u20090.55 deaths per 10\n                      <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                      inhabitants).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To achieve the objectives of the Ambient Air Quality Directives and mitigate air pollution impacts, actions need to be urgently taken at all governance levels. In this context, greening and re\u2010naturing cities and the\u00a0implementation of fresh air corridors can help meet air quality standards, but also answer to social needs, as recently highlighted by the COVID-19 lockdowns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-020-00450-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]],"date-time":"2021-03-07T11:02:35Z","timestamp":1615114955000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":274,"title":["Urban population exposure to air pollution in Europe over the last decades"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3136-7062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Sicard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgenios","family":"Agathokleous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"De Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Paoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicent","family":"Calatayud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"450_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabc1176","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc1176","volume":"6","author":"E Agathokleous","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agathokleous E, Feng Z, Oksanen E, Sicard P, Wang Q, Saitanis CJ et al (2020) Ozone affects plant, insect, and soil microbial communities: a threat to terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity. 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