{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:22:25Z","timestamp":1791832945860,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016344","name":"Ministry of Health and Population","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016344","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Ophthal Inflamm Infect"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study aimed at measuring the effect of contact lens hygiene risk factors on the prevalence of contact lens-related keratitis and identifying the specific risk factors to both microbial and non-microbial keratitis independently.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted at Alexandria Ophthalmology Hospital from May to October 2023. All contact lens wearers attending the outpatient clinic had undergone face-to-face interviews using a standardized validated questionnaire which included demographic data and contact lenses (CLs) hygiene risk factors. Participants were classified into two groups; normal group and keratitis group. Keratitis group was further subdivided into non-microbial and microbial group.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study included 245 contact lens wearers; 149 normal cases, 50 (20.4%) contact lens-related non-microbial keratitis (CLNK) cases, and 46 (18.8%) contact lens-related microbial keratitis (CLMK) cases. Sharing contact lenses and eye trauma were significant risk factors for both CLNK (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.036), (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.001) and CLMK (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.003), (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.017). CLs wear duration for more than 12 hours was associated with an increased risk of CLNK by about 4 times (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.030) and overnight wear of contact lenses increased the risk of CLNK by 2.6 times (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.030). Showering or swimming in lenses was identified as a significant risk factor for CLMK (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.012), moreover washing lenses with tap water increased the risk of CLMK (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.030).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Poor compliance with contact lenses hygiene rules results in a high prevalence of contact lens-related keratitis. Eye trauma and sharing contact lenses were significant hygiene risk factors for both contact lens-related non-microbial keratitis and contact lens-related microbial keratitis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-024-00421-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T18:03:22Z","timestamp":1724177002000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Impact of contact lens hygiene risk factors on the prevalence of contact lens-related keratitis in Alexandria-Egypt"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0611-9080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzan Ibrahim","family":"Sakr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira Ahmed","family":"Nayel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Lotfi","family":"Khattab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waad Mahmoud","family":"Elhamamsy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Islam Abdelmonaem","family":"Abozaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramy","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hager AbdelKhalek","family":"Elkazaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christeena Saeed","family":"Habeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Samaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa Atef","family":"Ghaith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"421_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3180485d5f","volume":"84","author":"F Stapleton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stapleton F, Keay L, Jalbert I et al (2007) The epidemiology of contact lens-related infiltrates. 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Participants were given a patient information sheet and an informed consent was obtained and they were able to withdraw from the study at any time.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. Images are completely unidentifiable, consequently consent for images publication is not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"40"}}