{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T09:06:21Z","timestamp":1781773581681,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742947200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Ophthal Inflamm Infect"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Syphilis is one of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The incidence of Treponema pallidum infection has increased in the last 20 years. This rise is also evident in ophthalmological practice, with cases of ocular syphilis becoming more frequent.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We present a case of a 29-year-old patient with blurred vision in his left eye. Patient showed no general symptoms, nor previous history of eye disorders. On ophthalmological examination, the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20\/20 in the right eye (OD) and 20\/80 in the left eye (OS). The left eye presented high intraocular pressure (IOP) of 31 mmHg and symptoms of anterior uveitis with a linear branching corneal erosion. A B-scan ultrasound of the left eye revealed no vitritis. The preliminary diagnosis of herpetic infection was made, and antiviral therapy was introduced. Despite the initial improvement, symptoms of active anterior uveitis were found on follow-up visits. After approximately 4 weeks of ambulatory treatment, the patient was admitted to the hospital because of roseolae and lumps of the left iris, which appeared accompanied by a rash on patients\u2019 lower limbs. Laboratory tests confirmed syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. During hospitalization intravenous treatment with penicillin and antiretroviral drugs was introduced. Therapy with penicillin was continued to 21 days with improvement in examination. On a follow-up visit after 6 months BCVA in both eyes was 20\/20.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>It is crucial to consider testing for STIs, especially Treponema pallidum infection, in the diagnostic process of patients with nontypical or nonresponsive to treatment ocular symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-025-00488-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T03:41:50Z","timestamp":1742960510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Diagnostic riddle\u2013 case report of ocular syphilis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Boci\u0105ga-Ko\u017cuch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Raczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Trela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksander","family":"Garlicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4615-3446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Berus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"488_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268819000281","author":"G Spiteri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Spiteri G, Unemo M, M\u00e5rdh O, Amato-Gauci AJ (2019) The resurgence of syphilis in high-income countries in the 2000s: a focus on Europe. Epidemiol Infect. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0950268819000281","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"488_CR2","volume-title":"ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2021","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2023","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2023) Syphilis. ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2021. ECDC, Stockholm"},{"issue":"3","key":"488_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.32394\/pe.76.37","volume":"76","author":"M Nied\u017awiedzka-Stadnik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nied\u017awiedzka-Stadnik M, Zakrzewska K (2022) Syphilis in Poland in 2020. Przegl Epidemiol 76(3):391\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32394\/pe.76.37","journal-title":"Przegl Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"488_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1110","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00221-7","volume":"9","author":"M Tsuboi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsuboi M, Evans J, Davies EP, Rowley J, Korenromp EL, Clayton T, Taylor MM, Mabey D, Chico RM (2021) Prevalence of syphilis among men who have sex with men: a global systematic review and meta-analysis from 2000\u201320. Lancet Global Health 9(8):e1110\u2013e1118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00221-7","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"488_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mathew RG, Goh BT, Westcott MC (2014) British Ocular Syphilis Study (BOSS): 2-year national surveillance study of intraocular inflammation secondary to ocular syphilis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55:5394\u20135400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.14-14559","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14559"},{"issue":"1","key":"488_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2017.155","volume":"32","author":"J Wells","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wells J, Wood C, Sukthankar A, Jones NP (2018) Ocular syphilis: the re-establishment of an old disease. Eye (Basingstoke) 32(1):99\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2017.155","journal-title":"Eye (Basingstoke)"},{"key":"488_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amaratunge BC, Camuglia JE, Hall AJ (2010) Syphilitic uveitis: A review of clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of syphilitic uveitis in human immunodeficiency virus-positive and negative patients. In Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology (Vol. 38, Issue 1, pp. 68\u201374). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2010.02203.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2010.02203.x"},{"key":"488_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.2147\/IMCRJ.S490693","volume":"4","author":"JP Chu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chu JP, Gilhotra JS (2024) Bilateral chronic herpetic anterior uveitis in an immunocompetent patient. Int Med Case Rep J 4:17:913\u2013918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IMCRJ.S490693","journal-title":"Int Med Case Rep J"},{"issue":"4","key":"488_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2016.1142572","volume":"25","author":"A de-la-Torre","year":"2017","unstructured":"de-la-Torre A, Valdes-Camacho J, Foster CS (2017) Bilateral herpes simplex uveitis: review of the literature and own reports. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 25(4):497\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/09273948.2016.1142572","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"6","key":"488_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000129","volume":"33","author":"EMD Miserocchi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Miserocchi EMD, Fogliato GMD, Bianchi IMD, Bandello, Francesco MD, Modorati GMD (2014) Clinical features of ocular herpetic infection in an Italian referral center. Cornea 33(6):565\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000129","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"3","key":"488_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16946","volume":"35","author":"M Janier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Janier M, Unemo M, Dupin N, Tiplica GS, Poto\u010dnik M, Patel R (2021) 2020 European guideline on the management of syphilis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 35(3):574\u2013588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.16946","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"488_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA et al (2023) Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep 2021;70(No. RR-4):1\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.rr7004a1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7004a1"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00488-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00488-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00488-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T03:42:03Z","timestamp":1742960523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/joii-journal.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00488-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00488-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1869-5760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1869-5760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Bioethics Committee of the Regional Medical Chamber in Cracow approved this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent for publication of their clinical details and clinical images was obtained from the patient. A copy of the consent form is available for review by the Editor of this journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"33"}}