{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T01:58:18Z","timestamp":1776218298056,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Ophthal Inflamm Infect"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Choroidal granuloma is one of the common manifestations of ocular tuberculosis. Tubercles indicate hematogenous dissemination of the disease. Tubercular granulomas respond to Anti-Tubercular Treatment (ATT) and systemic corticosteroids. However, in some patients with large granulomas involving macula, adjunct treatment with intravitreal anti-VEGF may be required for prompt management of the granuloma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We report a case of bilateral Tubercular granuloma in a patient with miliary Tuberculosis (TB). The patient was an immunocompetent young female with miliary tuberculosis. Mantoux was positive. HRCT chest suggested miliary TB. The patient was already on ATT. Clinical examination showed multiple TB granulomas in both eyes, with a large granuloma involving the fovea in the left eye. She underwent intravitreal injection of the anti-VEGF drug bevacizumab (1.25\u00a0mg\/0.05 mL) (off-label use) with moxifloxacin (500\u00a0\u00b5g\/0.1 mL) (off-label use) in the left eye. She was continued on ATT and was started on oral steroids. After seven weekly intravitreal injections in the left eye at the second-month follow-up, lesions were consolidated and scarred. Optical coherence tomography showed a decrease in the size of the choroidal bump.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Weekly administration of intravitreal Anti-Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) and moxifloxacin, along with ATT and oral corticosteroids, has controlled inflammation and has caused consolidation and scarring of TB granulomas in a patient with miliary TB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-025-00509-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T09:37:00Z","timestamp":1761298620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bilateral choroidal tuberculoma in a patient of miliary tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tanya","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sachit","family":"Mahajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aishwaraya","family":"Kanagaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Jha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"509_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2014.967358","volume":"23","author":"A Gupta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gupta A, Sharma A, Bansal R, Sharma K (2015) Classification of intraocular tuberculosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 23(1):7\u201313","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"6","key":"509_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01515-07","volume":"76","author":"LE Via","year":"2008","unstructured":"Via LE, Lin PL, Ray SM, Carrillo J, Allen SS, Eum SY et al (2008) Tuberculous granulomas are hypoxic in Guinea pigs, rabbits, and nonhuman Primates. Infect Immun 76(6):2333","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"509_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(80)35246-9","volume":"87","author":"FE Cangemi","year":"1980","unstructured":"Cangemi FE, Friedman AH, Josephberg R (1980) Tuberculoma of the choroid. Ophthalmology 87(3):252\u2013258","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"509_CR4","unstructured":"Aysu E, Bet\u00fcl TU, Cu, Soysal A, Y\u00fcksel B et al Choroidal Tuberculoma in Two Cases With Multiple Intracranial Tuberculomas. In 2011. Available from: https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Choroidal-Tuberculoma-in-Two-Cases-With-Multiple-Aysu-En\/cae328922b1663d3a3f8a75dae2ccfdfc8683955. Cited 2024 Oct 21."},{"issue":"6","key":"509_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940600976946","volume":"14","author":"S Mehta","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mehta S, Chauhan V, Hastak S, Jiandani P, Dalal P (2006) Choroidal tubercles in neurotuberculosis: prevalence and significance. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 14(6):341\u2013345","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"7","key":"509_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70163-8","volume":"5","author":"SK Sharma","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sharma SK, Mohan A, Sharma A, Mitra DK (2005) Miliary tuberculosis: new insights into an old disease. Lancet Infect Dis 5(7):415\u2013430","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"509_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11035.1","volume":"6","author":"S Mehta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mehta S (2017) Patterns of ocular inflammation in patients with miliary tuberculosis. F1000Research 6:412","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"509_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28383","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028383","volume":"6","author":"SM Thayil","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thayil SM, Albini TA, Nazari H, Moshfeghi AA, Parel JMA, Rao NA et al (2011) Cardona PJ editor Local ischemia and increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor following ocular dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS ONE 6 12 e28383","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"509_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1261_20","volume":"68","author":"M Agarwal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agarwal M, Gupta C, Mohan KV, Upadhyay PK, Jha V (2020) Correlation of vascular endothelial growth factor with the clinical regression of tubercular granuloma. Indian J Ophthalmol 68(9):2037","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"509_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3200","volume":"12","author":"V Dartois","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dartois V (2014) The path of anti-tuberculosis drugs:from blood to lesions to mycobacterial cells. Nat Rev Microbiol. 12(3):159\u201367","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"509_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-013-2495-0","volume":"252","author":"E Moisseiev","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moisseiev E, Waisbourd M, Ben-Artsi E, Levinger E, Barak A, Daniels T et al (2014) Pharmacokinetics of bevacizumab after topical and intravitreal administration in human eyes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 252(2):331\u20137","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"1","key":"509_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2021.2002367","volume":"31","author":"M Agarwal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Agarwal M, Gupta C, Mohan KV, Upadhyay PK, Dhawan A, Jha V (2023) Adjunctive intravitreal Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and Moxifloxacin therapy in management of intraocular tubercular granulomas. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 31(1):158\u2013167","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00509-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00509-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00509-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T09:37:03Z","timestamp":1761298623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/joii-journal.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00509-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["509"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00509-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6434945\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1869-5760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1869-5760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This brief report has been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down by the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Consent for publication was obtained from the patient.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"77"}}