{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T21:07:50Z","timestamp":1783026470031,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Ophthal Inflamm Infect"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigates the association between retinal vascular tortuosity and retinal vasculitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective review of medical records was conducted for 135 patients diagnosed with retinal vasculitis at our institution from June 2022 to June 2024. The presence and type of retinal vascular tortuosity were assessed, and logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate associations with viral infections, autoimmune conditions, and other clinical features.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 256 patients with posterior uveitis, 135 patients were identified with retinal vasculitis, and 37 (27.4%) exhibited retinal vascular tortuosity. Specifically, 24 patients presented with arterial tortuosity, 5 with venous tortuosity, and 8 with both arterial and venous tortuosity. Logistic regression analysis revealed that arterial tortuosity was significantly associated with posterior synechiae, while venous tortuosity was primarily observed in patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy. Combined arterial and venous tortuosity was more commonly observed in patients with viral infections, toxoplasmosis, or psoriasis. Notably, after inflammation was controlled, retinal vascular tortuosity improved. However, the average recovery times varied between arterial tortuosity, venous tortuosity, and the combination of both.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retinal vascular tortuosity is prevalent in retinal vasculitis and is associated with specific infectious etiologies and clinical features. It may serve as a prognostic marker for disease severity and treatment planning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-025-00512-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T22:18:45Z","timestamp":1759270725000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The relationship between retinal vascular tortuosity and retinal vasculitis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances Andrea","family":"Anover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Horung","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ngoc Trong Tuong","family":"Than","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azadeh","family":"Mobasserian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aim-On","family":"Saengsirinavin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negin","family":"Yavari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia El","family":"Feky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anh Ngoc","family":"Tram Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osama","family":"Elaraby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingli","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irmak","family":"Karaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woong-Sun","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Akhavanrezayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi Mong Christopher","family":"Or","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana V.","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan Dong","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"512_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-303443","volume":"98","author":"A Ali","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ali A, Ku JH, Suhler EB, Choi D, Rosenbaum JT (2014) The course of retinal vasculitis. Br J Ophthalmol 98:785\u2013789","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"512_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672120979907","volume":"31","author":"MA Vilela","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vilela MA, Amaral CE, Ferreira MAT (2021) Retinal vascular tortuosity: mechanisms and measurements. Eur J Ophthalmol 31:1497\u20131506","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"512_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5114\/reum.2021.103436","volume":"59","author":"S Shenavandeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shenavandeh S, Afarid M, Hasanaghaei T, Nazarinia MA (2021) Prevalence of retinal changes in patients with systemic sclerosis: the association between retinal vascular changes and nailfold capillaroscopic findings. Reumatologia 59:27\u201334","journal-title":"Reumatologia"},{"key":"512_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13060904","volume":"13","author":"L Gloria Gambini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gloria Gambini L, Scartozzi F, Giannuzzi MM, Carl\u00e0 F, Boselli Stanislao Rizzo (2023) Tomaso Caporossi, Umberto De Vico, Antonio Baldascino, Ophthalmic Manifestations in Fabry Disease: Updated Review. Review J Pers Med 13:904","journal-title":"Review J Pers Med"},{"key":"512_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-009-0559-4","volume":"48","author":"G Dougherty","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dougherty G, Johnson MJ, Wiers MD (2010) Measurement of retinal vascular tortuosity and its application to retinal pathologies. Med Biol Eng Comput 48:87\u201395","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"512_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.09.025","volume":"336","author":"C Mengjiao Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mengjiao Liu C, Lovern K, Lycett M, He M, Wake TY, Wong DP, Burgner (2021) The association between markers of inflammation and retinal microvascular parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis 336:12\u201322","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"512_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15291","volume":"101","author":"L Furnon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Furnon L, Labarere Jos\u00e9, Trucco E, Hogg S, MacGillivray T, Christophe Chiquet (2023) Lower fractal dimension of retinal vessel for patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 101:392\u2013402","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"512_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.5935\/0004-2749.20160054","volume":"79","author":"Fabio Bom Aggio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aggio Fabio Bom, Jos\u00e9 Fernando, de Novelli Rosa EL, Nobrega M\u00e1rio Junqueira (2016) Combined branch retinal vein and artery occlusion in toxoplasmosis. Case Reports Arq Bras Oftalmol 79:189\u2013191","journal-title":"Case Reports Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"key":"512_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s00347-022-01581-y","volume":"119","author":"C Kristin H\u00f6sel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kristin H\u00f6sel C, von der Burchard D, Schunk J, Franzenburg T, Bahmer D, Frank J, Dargvainiene, Johann B, Roider (2022) Ocular manifestations in patients with COVID-19. Ophthalmologie 119:807\u2013812","journal-title":"Ophthalmologie"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00512-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00512-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00512-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T11:41:21Z","timestamp":1781610081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00512-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00512-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1869-5760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1869-5760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The ethics committee approved this study. All research adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Prof Quan Dong Nguyen is a co-author and an Editorial Board member for this journal. He was not involved in handling this manuscript during the peer review process. The rest of the authors have no conflict of interest to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"65"}}