{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T18:22:29Z","timestamp":1787595749101,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Ophthal Inflamm Infect"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To report three cases of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS)-associated uveitis whose ocular inflammation responded well to ofatumumab.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case presentations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Case 1: A 26-year-old male with bilateral MS-associated occlusive retinal vasculitis presented with 1\u2009+\u2009vitreous cell in both eyes and diffuse vascular leakage in both eyes on fluorescein angiography (FA). After treatment with ofatumumab for 19 months, there was significant improvement in vitreous cell and vascular leakage bilaterally. Case 2: A 41-year-old male with bilateral MS-associated intermediate uveitis presented with 2\u2009+\u2009vitreous cell bilaterally. FA demonstrated bilateral vascular leakage with cystoid macular edema. After transitioning to ofatumumab from ocrelizumab and corticosteroid injections, exam remained quiet with resolved FA leakage bilaterally without further injections for 10 months. Case 3: A 51 year old female with MS initially presented with 2\u2009+\u2009AC cell in the left eye and was started on mycophenolate mofetil with improvement but was unable to wean off topical corticosteroids. After switching to ofatumumab, she remained quiet on prednisolone acetate once daily in both eyes for nine months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While the benefits of ofatumumab have been well reported in MS, this is the first case report to describe the successful treatment of MS-associated uveitis with ofatumumab. Ofatumumab may prove to be an effective therapeutic option for these patients, with the additional benefit of self-administration. Further studies would be beneficial to identify the patients who would most benefit from this treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-025-00543-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T16:21:44Z","timestamp":1763137304000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multiple sclerosis-associated uveitis successfully controlled with ofatumumab"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Soufiane","family":"Azargui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia L.","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian J.","family":"McClain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Dacey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew B.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan G.","family":"Palestine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit K.","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"543_CR1","first-page":"e909","volume-title":"Intermediate uveitis associated with MS: diagnosis, clinical features, pathogenic mechanisms, and recommendations for management","author":"A Abraham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abraham A et al (2020) Intermediate uveitis associated with MS: diagnosis, clinical features, pathogenic mechanisms, and recommendations for management, vol 8. Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, Neurology, p e909. 1"},{"issue":"4","key":"543_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.80.4.332","volume":"80","author":"A Rothova","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rothova A et al (1996) Causes and frequency of blindness in patients with intraocular inflammatory disease. Br J Ophthalmol 80(4):332\u2013336","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"543_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.07.002","volume":"62","author":"TG Olsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olsen TG, Frederiksen J (2017) The association between multiple sclerosis and uveitis. Surv Ophthalmol 62(1):89\u201395","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"543_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1509852","volume":"375","author":"GJ Jaffe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jaffe GJ et al (2016) Adalimumab in patients with active noninfectious uveitis. N Engl J Med 375(10):932\u2013943","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"543_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1162","volume":"77","author":"A Kunchok","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kunchok A et al (2020) Association between tumor necrosis factor inhibitor exposure and inflammatory central nervous system events. JAMA Neurol 77(8):937\u2013946","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"543_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15453","volume":"29","author":"F Stascheit","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stascheit F et al (2022) Anti-CD20 therapy for multiple sclerosis\u2010associated uveitis: A case series. Eur J Neurol 29(10):3028\u20133038","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"543_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2023.2236211","volume":"32","author":"R Gnanaraj","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gnanaraj R et al (2024) Uveitis in the setting of co-existing systemic sarcoidosis and multiple sclerosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 32(2):181\u2013183","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"5","key":"543_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-023-00518-0","volume":"12","author":"SL Hauser","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hauser SL et al (2023) The development of ofatumumab, a fully human anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody for practical use in relapsing multiple sclerosis treatment. Neurol Therapy 12(5):1491\u20131515","journal-title":"Neurol Therapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"543_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1917246","volume":"383","author":"SL Hauser","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hauser SL et al (2020) Ofatumumab versus Teriflunomide in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 383(6):546\u2013557","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"543_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.03.057","volume":"140","author":"SoUNW Group","year":"2005","unstructured":"Group SoUNW (2005) Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the first international workshop. Am J Ophthalmol 140(3):509\u2013516","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"543_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14697","volume":"99","author":"P Casselman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Casselman P et al (2021) Insights into multiple sclerosis-associated uveitis: a scoping review. Acta Ophthalmol 99(6):592\u2013603","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"543_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florou D et al (2020) Anti-CD20 agents for multiple sclerosis: spotlight on ocrelizumab and ofatumumab. Brain Sci 10(10)","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10100758"},{"issue":"3","key":"543_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(18)30318-8","volume":"10","author":"L Renfro","year":"1992","unstructured":"Renfro L, Snow JS (1992) Ocular effects of topical and systemic steroids. Dermatol Clin 10(3):505\u2013512","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"issue":"15","key":"543_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1517\/14656560903160671","volume":"10","author":"DF Kiernan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kiernan DF, Mieler WF (2009) The use of intraocular corticosteroids. Expert Opin Pharmacother 10(15):2511\u20132525","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00543-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00543-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00543-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T19:04:04Z","timestamp":1763406244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/joii-journal.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00543-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00543-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1869-5760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1869-5760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Institutional review board approval was obtained from the Colorado Multiple Institutional Review Board. Due to the retrospective nature of the research, written informed consent was not required from patients.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent for the publication of this manuscript was obtained from the patients described in this case series.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"84"}}