{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T16:20:31Z","timestamp":1774887631014,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":34,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Ophthal Inflamm Infect"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and treatment outcomes of ocular sporotrichosis through an institutional case series and systematic review of reports from Southeast Asia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five patients diagnosed with ocular sporotrichosis at a tertiary referral center in Thailand (2020\u20132024) were retrospectively reviewed for clinical presentation, diagnostic confirmation, and treatment outcomes. A systematic review of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and MEDLINE (last searched March 20, 2025) identified published cases from Southeast Asia. Eligible reports were narratively synthesized; no meta-analysis was performed due to clinical heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All five institutional cases presented with chronic granulomatous conjunctivitis, frequently associated with cat exposure. Diagnosis was confirmed by fungal culture and\/or histopathology in all patients. Oral itraconazole was prescribed in every case, with adjunctive topical antifungals used selectively. Most patients improved clinically, though several were lost to follow-up. The systematic review included 12 studies comprising 23 patients reported between 2018 and 2024. The median age was 32 years (IQR 22.5\u201355.0), and 78.3% were female. Most cases were unilateral (91.3%), with microbiological confirmation in 87%. Oral itraconazole was the primary treatment, with topical or intralesional antifungals in some cases. Clinical outcomes were generally favorable, though one patient developed limbal stem cell deficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ocular sporotrichosis is an emerging zoonotic infection in Southeast Asia, often linked to cat exposure. Early recognition and prompt antifungal therapy are critical to achieve good outcomes and prevent sight-threatening complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-025-00565-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T09:06:38Z","timestamp":1771923998000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emerging zoonotic ocular sporotrichosis in southeast Asia: a case series from Thailand and systematic review of regional reports"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Usanee","family":"Reinprayoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trakanta","family":"Wannapanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Buravej","family":"Assavapongpaiboon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ngamjit","family":"Kasetsuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thanachaporn","family":"Kittipibul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suppapong","family":"Tirakunwichcha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ariya","family":"Chindamporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nattapong","family":"Langsiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"565_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-022-00642-9","volume":"187","author":"AM Rodrigues","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rodrigues AM, Hagen F, De Camargo ZP (2022) A spotlight on sporothrix and sporotrichosis. Mycopathologia 187:407\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11046-022-00642-9","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"565_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2022.2027465","volume":"31","author":"A Arinelli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arinelli A, Aleixo ALQC, Freitas DFS et al (2023) Ocular manifestations of sporotrichosis in a hyperendemic region in brazil: description of a series of 120 cases. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 31:329\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273948.2022.2027465","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"565_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100898","volume":"20","author":"U Reinprayoon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reinprayoon U, Jermjutitham M, Tirakunwichcha S et al (2020) Conjunctival sporotrichosis from Cat to human: case report. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 20:100898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100898","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"key":"565_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myz106","volume":"58","author":"NK Kamal Azam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kamal Azam NK, Selvarajah GT, Santhanam J et al (2020) Molecular epidemiology of sporothrix schenkii isolates in Malaysia. Med Mycol 58:617\u2013625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mmy\/myz106","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"565_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.02.034","volume":"86","author":"B Spruijtenburg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Spruijtenburg B, Bombassaro A, Meijer EFJ et al (2023) Sporothrix Brasiliensis genotyping reveals numerous independent zoonotic introductions in Brazil. J Infect 86:610\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.02.034","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"565_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7110951","volume":"7","author":"MC Ram\u00edrez-Soto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Soto MC, Tirado-S\u00e1nchez A, Bonifaz A (2021) Ocular sporotrichosis. J Fungi 7:951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof7110951","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"565_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.tjo_93_20","volume":"12","author":"S Ahmad-Fauzi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmad-Fauzi S, Abd-Manan N, Yusof N-S et al (2022) Ocular sporotrichosis from a tertiary referral center in Malaysia and review of literature in Southeast Asia. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 12:237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/tjo.tjo_93_20","journal-title":"Taiwan J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"565_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.5070\/D33CR2C5DB","volume":"8","author":"MP Oliveira-Neto","year":"2002","unstructured":"Oliveira-Neto MP, Mattos M, Lazera M et al (2002) Zoonotic sporothricosis transmitted by cats in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A case report. Dermatol Online J 8:5","journal-title":"Dermatol Online J"},{"key":"565_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM et al (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372:n71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"565_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-24-01","volume-title":"JBI manual for evidence synthesis","author":"E Aromataris","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aromataris E, Lockwood C, Porritt K et al (2024) JBI manual for evidence synthesis. JBI, Adelaide, Australia"},{"key":"565_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.22452\/jummec.vol27no1.10","volume":"24","author":"ST Hing","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hing ST, Zahari M, LITERATURE REVIEW ON GRANULOMATOUS CONJUNCTIVITIS, AND LYMPHOCUTANEOUS LESIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SPOROTRICHOSIS (2024) J Health Transl Med 24:69\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22452\/jummec.vol27no1.10","journal-title":"J Health Transl Med"},{"key":"565_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.16964\/er.v7i1.106","volume":"7","author":"HY Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee HY, Ramli N, Govindasamy G et al (2020) Primary ocular sporotrichosis with granulomatous conjunctivitis. Eye Rep 7:14\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16964\/er.v7i1.106","journal-title":"Eye Rep"},{"key":"565_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ling JLL, Koh KL, Tai E et al (2018) A case of acute granulomatous conjunctivitis caused by Cat-transmitted sporothrix schenckii. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.3428. Cureus","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.3428"},{"key":"565_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.4103\/meajo.meajo_94_22","volume":"29","author":"S-A Mohamad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohamad S-A, Muhammed J, Ibrahim M (2022) Ocular sporotrichosis with limbal stem cell deficiency: an impostor with blinding sequelae. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 29:96\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/meajo.meajo_94_22","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"565_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohd Rasidin AH, Ang W-J, Raja Omar RN, Ahmad Tajudin LS (2022) Ocular sporotrichosis: different spectrums of clinical manifestations and a review of the literature. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.27186. Cureus","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.27186"},{"key":"565_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Param Jit Singh JK, Chewa Raja JS (2024) Misdiagnosis of Ocular Adnexal Sporotrichosis: A Case Series. Cureus. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.71657","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.71657"},{"key":"565_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.59939","author":"L Tan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tan L, Ariffin N, Vendargon FMM, Mohd Khialdin S (2024) Ocular adnexal manifestations of sporotrichosis: A report of two cases. Cureus. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.59939","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"565_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3329\/bjms.v20i2.51564","volume":"20","author":"LY Theng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Theng LY, Rahman RA, Kwok IK, Ismail SB (2021) Unilateral granulomatous conjunctivitis in a pregnant retroviral positive woman on HAART. Bangladesh J Med Sci 20:453\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3329\/bjms.v20i2.51564","journal-title":"Bangladesh J Med Sci"},{"key":"565_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3390\/idr15010011","volume":"15","author":"YY Yeow","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yeow YY, Tan XT, Low LL (2023) Mucosal sporotrichosis from zoonotic transmission: descriptions of four case reports. Infect Dis Rep 15:102\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/idr15010011","journal-title":"Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"565_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2017.09.005","volume":"8","author":"JPM Yamagata","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yamagata JPM, Rudolph FB, Nobre MCL et al (2017) Ocular sporotrichosis: A frequently misdiagnosed cause of granulomatous conjunctivitis in epidemic areas. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 8:35\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajoc.2017.09.005","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"key":"565_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2019.1624779","volume":"28","author":"A Arinelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arinelli A, Aleixo ALQDC, Freitas DFS et al (2020) Ocular sporotrichosis: 26 cases with bulbar involvement in a hyperendemic area of zoonotic transmission. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 28:764\u2013771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273948.2019.1624779","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"565_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2022.101335","volume":"33","author":"FBDS Neto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Neto FBDS, Gadelha CDL, Lopes IV et al (2023) Dog-transmitted ocular sporotrichosis. J Med Mycol 33:101335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mycmed.2022.101335","journal-title":"J Med Mycol"},{"key":"565_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2013.03.002","volume":"2","author":"AS Morrison","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morrison AS, Lockhart SR, Bromley JG et al (2013) An environmental sporothrix as a cause of corneal ulcer. Med Mycol Case Rep 2:88\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mmcr.2013.03.002","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"},{"key":"565_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-0276130304","volume":"109","author":"DFS Freitas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Freitas DFS, Lima IAR, Curi CL et al (2014) Acute dacryocystitis: another clinical manifestation of sporotrichosis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 109:262\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0074-0276130304","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"565_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13378","volume":"172","author":"P De Marques","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Marques P, Sztajnbok DCN, Camargo ZP et al (2015) Dacryocystitis due to Sporothrix brasiliensis: a case report of a successful clinical and serological outcome with low-dose potassium iodide treatment and oculoplastic surgery. Br J Dermatol 172:1116\u20131119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.13378","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"565_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11182","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011182","volume":"97","author":"L Sun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sun L, Dong Y, Wang X et al (2018) Dacryocystitis due to sporothrix inoculated vis an unusual mode: case report. Med (Baltim) 97:e11182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000011182","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"565_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13516","volume":"65","author":"R Cognialli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cognialli R, Bloss K, Weiss I et al (2022) A lateral flow assay for the immunodiagnosis of human cat-transmitted sporotrichosis. Mycoses 65:926\u2013934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/myc.13516","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"565_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13010286","volume":"13","author":"P Toumasis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Toumasis P, Tsantes AG, Tsiogka A et al (2024) From clinical suspicion to diagnosis: A review of diagnostic approaches and challenges in fungal keratitis. J Clin Med 13:286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13010286","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"565_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13793","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13793","volume":"67","author":"R Almeida-Paes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Almeida-Paes R, Lugones CJG, Almeida MA et al (2024) Antibody isotype and subclass responses in human patients with different clinical presentations of sporotrichosis. Mycoses 67:e13793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/myc.13793","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"565_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-023-00330-9","volume":"13","author":"W Kongwattananon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kongwattananon W, Rattanaphong T (2023) Granulomatous panuveitis in disseminated sporotrichosis: case report and review of the literature. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 13:11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12348-023-00330-9","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"key":"565_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1086\/522765","volume":"45","author":"CA Kauffman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kauffman CA, Bustamante B, Chapman SW, Pappas PG (2007) Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis 45:1255\u20131265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/522765","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"565_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020430","volume":"14","author":"P Toumasis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Toumasis P, Vrioni G, Gardeli I et al (2025) Macrophomina phaseolina: A phytopathogen associated with human ocular infections\u2014A case report of endophthalmitis and systematic review of human infections. J Clin Med 14:430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14020430","journal-title":"J Clin Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00565-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00565-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00565-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T15:40:16Z","timestamp":1774885216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00565-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["565"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00565-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1869-5760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1869-5760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital (IRB No. 0903\/67, COA No. 0084\/2025). The requirement for individual informed consent was waived due to the retrospective design. All clinical data were anonymized before analysis, and no information that could identify individual patients has been published.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent for publication of the patients\u2019 clinical details and clinical images was obtained from the patients.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"12"}}