{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:07:14Z","timestamp":1789092434205,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":77,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Ophthal Inflamm Infect"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ocular toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of posterior uveitis worldwide and a major cause of visual impairment. Previous studies suggest that the disease may follow a more aggressive clinical course in patients from Latin America; however, direct comparative evidence between geographic populations remains limited. This study aimed to characterize the clinical, serological, and imaging features of a multiethnic cohort of patients with ocular toxoplasmosis and to assess differences according to geographic origin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A retrospective chart review was performed including 144 patients diagnosed with ocular toxoplasmosis at a tertiary referral center in Barcelona, Spain. Clinical characteristics, recurrence patterns, visual outcomes, and serological findings were analyzed. Outcomes were compared between Latin American (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200973) and European (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200971) patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Latin American origin (OR 8.21;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and older age at disease onset (OR 1.04;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009) were independently associated with atypical disease presentation. Latin American origin (\u03b2 = +0.20 LogMAR;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02), congenital disease (\u03b2 = +0.52 LogMAR;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and retinal zone I involvement (\u03b2 = +0.57 LogMAR;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) were independently associated with worse visual acuity outcomes. Latin American origin (OR 4.85;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) and longer time since disease onset (OR 1.05;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04) were independently associated with multiple recurrences, whereas congenital disease (OR 0.03;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01) was associated with lower recurrence risk. Serum IgG levels were significantly higher in Latin American patients (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002), who also more frequently required systemic corticosteroids along with antiparasitic treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients of Latin American origin showed a higher prevalence of atypical disease, increased recurrence rates, and poorer visual outcomes compared with European patients. These findings support the hypothesis of a more severe disease phenotype in this population and highlight the importance of closer monitoring and individualized management strategies in patients at higher risk of severe ocular toxoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-026-00615-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T13:36:46Z","timestamp":1782481006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ocular toxoplasmosis in Latin American and European patients: clinical characteristics, visual outcomes, and recurrence patterns"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Arman","family":"Shamani-Aminian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Ad\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7375-1564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Lloren\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"615_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/092739490500174","volume":"12","author":"M Soheilian","year":"2004","unstructured":"Soheilian M, Heidari K, Yazdani S, Shahsavari M, Ahmadieh H, Dehghan M (2004) Patterns of uveitis in a tertiary eye care center in Iran. 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All patient data were anonymized prior to analysis and handled in accordance with applicable data protection regulations. Given the retrospective nature of the study, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the ethics committee.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"56"}}