{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:36:59Z","timestamp":1792787819981,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":255,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Flinders University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01kpzv902","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Ophthal Inflamm Infect"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Ocular syphilis is re-emerging globally as a cause of uveitis, with the potential for substantial vision loss. Multimodal ophthalmic imaging and advanced laboratory research can yield important information about the basic mechanisms of this infectious eye disease.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Review<\/jats:title>\n \n Inflammation of the retina is a frequent manifestation of ocular syphilis. Observations from multimodal ophthalmic imaging suggest the retinal pigment epithelium and retinal vasculature are often involved. Molecular profiling of biopsies from patients with syphilis involving the eye and brain indicates multiple leucocyte subsets infiltrate the posterior eye, and highlights the role of monocytes and macrophages in promoting inflammation. Aqueous and cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with ocular syphilis contain high levels of inflammatory mediators, including C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 2, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 8, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF). Macrophages and dendritic cells exposed to the causative bacterium,\n Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n , increase the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and TNF. Toll-like receptor activation and nuclear factor of kappa light chain enhancer of B-cells (NF\u03baB) signalling in non-ocular human cells play prominent roles in upregulating inflammatory molecules, and altering interactions between leucocytes and epithelial or endothelial cells; similar cellular and molecular changes at the outer and inner blood-retinal barriers could contribute to retinal inflammation in ocular syphilis. Experimental evidence also indicates that\n T. pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n alters intercellular junctions and transmigrates endothelial cell monolayers, potentially mediating retinal invasion.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Evidence from multimodal ophthalmic imaging, molecular profiling in patients, and non-ocular cell infection models provides essential insights into the pathogenesis of ocular syphilis. This knowledge will target future research towards elucidating the drivers of retinal inflammation in ocular syphilis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-026-00638-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:55:08Z","timestamp":1789480508000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Putative mechanisms of ocular inflammation in syphilis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3808-9763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liam M.","family":"Ashander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o M.","family":"Furtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keryn A.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giles","family":"Best","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa H.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justine R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15510-4","volume":"23","author":"YT Tao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tao YT et al (2023) Global, regional, and national trends of syphilis from 1990 to 2019: The 2019 global burden of disease study. BMC Public Health 23(1):754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-15510-4","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"638_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313207","volume":"103","author":"GF Oliver","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oliver GF et al (2019) Current ophthalmology practice patterns for syphilitic uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol 103(11):1645\u20131649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313207","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"638_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2021.06.003","volume":"67","author":"JM Furtado","year":"2022","unstructured":"Furtado JM et al (2022) Ocular syphilis. Surv Ophthalmol 67(2):440\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2021.06.003","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"638_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2023.2217246","volume":"31","author":"K Chauhan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chauhan K et al (2023) Demystifying ocular syphilis - A major review. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 31(7):1425\u20131439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273948.2023.2217246","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"638_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595275","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1595275","volume":"16","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang Y et al (2025) Ocular-cerebral immune dialogue: A new perspective and therapeutic potential of regional lymphatic systems. Front Immunol 16:1595275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1595275","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"638_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4419","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-023-02759-2","volume":"43","author":"J Harvey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Harvey J et al (2023) Ocular syphilis on the rise: A 10-year analysis from 2010 to 2020. Int Ophthalmol 43(12):4419\u20134426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-023-02759-2","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"638_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2022.2067067","volume":"31","author":"NP Jones","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jones NP, Pockar S, Steeples LR (2023) Changing trends in uveitis in the United Kingdom: 5000 consecutive referrals to a tertiary referral centre. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 31(5):921\u2013926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273948.2022.2067067","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"3","key":"638_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2015.1132741","volume":"25","author":"D Gonzalez Fernandez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gonzalez Fernandez D et al (2017) Uveitis in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil: 1053 new patients in 15 months. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 25(3):382\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/09273948.2015.1132741","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"638_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim E, Ryu S, Song SJ (2025) Trends in syphilis and syphilitic uveitis among South Korean adults in 2010\u20132019: A nationwide cohort study. Sex Transm Infect 101(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2024-056417","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2024-056417"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12071","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30559-7","volume":"8","author":"JM Furtado","year":"2018","unstructured":"Furtado JM et al (2018) Clinical manifestations and ophthalmic outcomes of ocular syphilis at a time of re-emergence of the systemic infection. Sci Rep 8(1):12071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-30559-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14301","volume":"52","author":"S Phakey","year":"2024","unstructured":"Phakey S, Lichtenstein J, Lim LL (2024) Increasing ocular syphilis and syphilis notifications in Australia and the state of Victoria between 2017 and 2022. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 52(1):106\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ceo.14301","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"43","key":"638_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6543a2","volume":"65","author":"SE Oliver","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oliver SE et al (2016) Ocular syphilis - eight jurisdictions, United States, 2014\u20132015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65(43):1185\u20131188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6543a2","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"638_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1097\/olq.0000000000000368","volume":"42","author":"JC Dombrowski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dombrowski JC et al (2015) Prevalence estimates of complicated syphilis. Sex Transm Dis 42(12):702\u2013704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/olq.0000000000000368","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"638_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2019.11.002","volume":"55","author":"M Eslami","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eslami M et al (2020) Resurgence of ocular syphilis in British Columbia between 2013\u20132016: A retrospective chart review. Can J Ophthalmol 55(2):179\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcjo.2019.11.002","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"638_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1097\/olq.0000000000001673","volume":"49","author":"DA Jackson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jackson DA et al (2022) Reported neurologic, ocular, and otic manifestations among syphilis cases-16 states, 2019. Sex Transm Dis 49(10):726\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/olq.0000000000001673","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"638_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.2147\/opth.S494585","volume":"18","author":"A Faria Pereira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Faria Pereira A et al (2024) A 14-year retrospective clinical analysis of ocular manifestations of syphilis in a Portuguese tertiary center. Clin Ophthalmol 18:3053\u20133069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/opth.S494585","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"638_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix604","volume":"65","author":"SE Oliver","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oliver SE et al (2017) Increases in ocular syphilis- North Carolina, 2014\u20132015. Clin Infect Dis 65(10):1676\u20131682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cix604","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"22","key":"638_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6922a1","volume":"69","author":"A Kimball","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kimball A et al (2020) Missed opportunities for prevention of congenital syphilis - United States, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 69(22):661\u2013665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6922a1","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"638_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51864","volume":"218","author":"A Carter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carter A et al (2023) Infectious syphilis in women and heterosexual men in major Australian cities: Sentinel surveillance data, 2011\u20132019. Med J Aust 218(5):223\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/mja2.51864","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"638_CR20","volume-title":"Sexually transmitted infections surveillance 2022","author":"Centers for Disease Control","year":"2024","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control (2024) Sexually transmitted infections surveillance 2022. US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta. Access date: 6\/11\/2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"638_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2023.2187184","volume":"36","author":"M Abdelnabi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdelnabi M et al (2023) Ocular syphilis mimicking Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome: A diagnostic dilemma. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 36(3):380\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08998280.2023.2187184","journal-title":"Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)"},{"key":"638_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Almeida C et al (2020) Ocular syphilis mimicking acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR). Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed) 95(6):284\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oftal.2020.02.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oftal.2020.02.018"},{"issue":"2","key":"638_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Np108","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721231206441","volume":"34","author":"F Rissotto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rissotto F, Scandale P, Miserocchi E (2024) Ocular syphilis masquerading as CMV retinitis in a transplanted patient. Eur J Ophthalmol 34(2):Np108\u2013np112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11206721231206441","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"638_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24715","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.24715","volume":"14","author":"A Qadir","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qadir A et al (2022) Ocular syphilis mimicking giant cell arteritis. Cureus 14(5):e24715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.24715","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"15","key":"638_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3271","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02504-0","volume":"37","author":"LZ Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu LZ et al (2023) Prognostic effect of HIV on visual acuity in ocular syphilis: A systematic review. Eye (Lond) 37(15):3271\u20133281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-023-02504-0","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"8","key":"638_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5394","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14559","volume":"55","author":"RG Mathew","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mathew RG, Goh BT, Westcott MC (2014) British Ocular Syphilis Study (BOSS): 2-year national surveillance study of intraocular inflammation secondary to ocular syphilis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 55(8):5394\u20135400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.14-14559","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"638_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1097\/olq.0000000000001329","volume":"48","author":"LF Wagner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wagner LF et al (2021) Clinical and ophthalmological characteristics of ocular syphilis in a retrospective tertiary hospital cohort. Sex Transm Dis 48(6):436\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/olq.0000000000001329","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2019.05.009","volume":"55","author":"J Vadboncoeur","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vadboncoeur J et al (2020) Ocular syphilis: Case series (2000\u20132015) from 2 tertiary care centres in Montreal, Canada. Can J Ophthalmol 55(1):30\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcjo.2019.05.009","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"638_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910337","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.910337","volume":"13","author":"C-b Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun C-b et al (2022) Demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of ocular syphilis: 6-years case series study from an eye center in east-China. Front Immunol 13:910337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.910337","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6594849","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6594849","volume":"2017","author":"T Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang T, Zhu Y, Xu G (2017) Clinical features and treatments of syphilitic uveitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ophthalmol 2017(1):6594849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/6594849","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66412-3","volume":"14","author":"MK Shields","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shields MK et al (2024) Influence of gender on clinical presentation, management practices and outcomes of ocular syphilis. Sci Rep 14(1):16390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-66412-3","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"638_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17906","volume":"57","author":"JG Bollemeijer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bollemeijer JG et al (2016) Clinical manifestations and outcome of syphilitic uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 57(2):404\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.15-17906","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"638_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16347","volume":"34","author":"X Gu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gu X et al (2020) The importance of proper and prompt treatment of ocular syphilis: A lesson from permanent vision loss in 52 eyes. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 34(7):1569\u20131578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.16347","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"3","key":"638_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2026.2626810","volume":"34","author":"H Sureshkumar","year":"2026","unstructured":"Sureshkumar H et al (2026) Clinical features and risk factors for chronic syphilitic uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 34(3):498\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273948.2026.2626810","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"24","key":"638_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7566","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01031-09","volume":"191","author":"J Izard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Izard J et al (2009) Cryo-electron tomography elucidates the molecular architecture of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete. J Bacteriol 191(24):7566\u20137580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.01031-09","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-174-41702","volume":"174","author":"PH Hardy","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hardy PH, Levin J (1983) Lack of endotoxin in Borrelia hispanica and Treponema pallidum. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 174(1):47\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3181\/00379727-174-41702","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"638_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2017_44","volume":"415","author":"JD Radolf","year":"2018","unstructured":"Radolf JD, Kumar S (2018) The Treponema pallidum outer membrane. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 415:1\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/82_2017_44","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"638_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Edmondson DG, Hu B, Norris SJ (2018) Long-term in vitro culture of the syphilis spirochete Treponema pallidum subsp. Pallidum. mBio 9(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.01153-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01153-18"},{"issue":"4","key":"638_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2010.09.020","volume":"403","author":"J Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu J et al (2010) Cellular architecture of Treponema pallidum: novel flagellum, periplasmic cone, and cell envelope as revealed by cryo electron tomography. J Mol Biol 403(4):546\u2013561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmb.2010.09.020","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"issue":"5375","key":"638_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5375.375","volume":"281","author":"CM Fraser","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fraser CM et al (1998) Complete genome sequence of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete. Science 281(5375):375\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.281.5375.375","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"638_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-109-11-855","volume":"109","author":"SA Lukehart","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lukehart SA et al (1988) Invasion of the central nervous system by Treponema pallidum: Implications for diagnosis and treatment. Ann Intern Med 109(11):855\u2013862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-109-11-855","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"638_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.47.6.389","volume":"47","author":"P Collart","year":"1971","unstructured":"Collart P, Franceschini P, Durel P (1971) Experimental rabbit syphilis. Br J Vener Dis 47(6):389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sti.47.6.389","journal-title":"Br J Vener Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"638_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0155524","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01555-24","volume":"10","author":"N Shahreen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shahreen N et al (2025) Enzyme-constrained metabolic model of Treponema pallidum identified glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as an alternate electron sink. mSystems 10(5):e0155524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msystems.01555-24","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"638_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deka RK et al (2020) Biophysical and biochemical characterization of TP0037, a D-lactate dehydrogenase, supports an acetogenic energy conservation pathway in Treponema pallidum. mBio 11(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.02249-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02249-20"},{"issue":"5","key":"638_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0283952","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283952","volume":"18","author":"CA Brautigam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brautigam CA et al (2023) Biophysical and biochemical studies support TP0094 as a phosphotransacetylase in an acetogenic energy-conservation pathway in Treponema pallidum. PLoS ONE 18(5):e0283952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0283952","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0312642","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312642","volume":"20","author":"RK Deka","year":"2025","unstructured":"Deka RK et al (2025) Biophysical and biochemical evidence for the role of acetate kinases (AckAs) in an acetogenic pathway in pathogenic spirochetes. PLoS ONE 20(1):e0312642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312642","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"638_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25946","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.25946","volume":"6","author":"Y Chinchore","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chinchore Y et al (2017) Glycolytic reliance promotes anabolism in photoreceptors. eLife 6:e25946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.25946","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"638_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28899","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.28899","volume":"6","author":"MA Kanow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kanow MA et al (2017) Biochemical adaptations of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium support a metabolic ecosystem in the vertebrate eye. eLife 6:e28899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.28899","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"12","key":"638_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-01000-z","volume":"6","author":"MA Beale","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beale MA et al (2021) Global phylogeny of Treponema pallidum lineages reveals recent expansion and spread of contemporary syphilis. Nat Microbiol 6(12):1549\u20131560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-021-01000-z","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-3106-7","volume":"11","author":"M Strouhal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Strouhal M et al (2018) Reanalysis of Chinese Treponema pallidum samples: All Chinese samples cluster with SS14-like group of syphilis-causing treponemes. BMC Res Notes 11(1):16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-017-3106-7","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23419","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74355-y","volume":"14","author":"P Nadal-Bar\u00f3n","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nadal-Bar\u00f3n P et al (2024) High increase of Nichols-like clade circulating Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum in Barcelona from 2021 to 2023. Sci Rep 14(1):23419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-74355-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"638_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0172905","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172905","volume":"12","author":"L Gallo Vaulet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gallo Vaulet L et al (2017) Molecular typing of Treponema pallidum isolates from Buenos Aires, Argentina: Frequent Nichols-like isolates and low levels of macrolide resistance. PLoS ONE 12(2):e0172905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0172905","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"10","key":"638_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e770","DOI":"10.1016\/s2666-5247(23)00154-4","volume":"4","author":"MA Beale","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beale MA et al (2023) Genomic epidemiology of syphilis in England: A population-based study. Lancet Microbe 4(10):e770\u2013e780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2666-5247(23)00154-4","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"6","key":"638_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e417","DOI":"10.1016\/s2666-5247(22)00035-0","volume":"3","author":"ML Taouk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Taouk ML et al (2022) Characterisation of Treponema pallidum lineages within the contemporary syphilis outbreak in Australia: A genomic epidemiological analysis. Lancet Microbe 3(6):e417\u2013e426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2666-5247(22)00035-0","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82337-7","volume":"11","author":"S Nishiki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nishiki S et al (2021) Phylogenetic and genetic characterization of Treponema pallidum strains from syphilis patients in Japan by whole-genome sequence analysis from global perspectives. Sci Rep 11(1):3154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-82337-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"47","key":"638_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7247a1","volume":"72","author":"WD Nettleton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nettleton WD et al (2023) A cluster of ocular syphilis cases with a common sex partner - Southwest Michigan, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 72(47):1281\u20131287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7247a1","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"638_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1097\/olq.0000000000000478","volume":"43","author":"S Oliver","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oliver S et al (2016) Molecular typing of Treponema pallidum in ocular syphilis. Sex Transm Dis 43(8):524\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/olq.0000000000000478","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"638_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0058124","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00581-24","volume":"12","author":"A Pillay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pillay A et al (2024) Molecular investigation of Treponema pallidum strains associated with ocular syphilis in the United States, 2016\u20132020. Microbiol Spectr 12(10):e0058124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.00581-24","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"9","key":"638_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1097\/olq.0000000000000486","volume":"43","author":"BJ Molini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Molini BJ et al (2016) Macrolide resistance in Treponema pallidum correlates with 23S rDNA mutations in recently isolated clinical strains. Sex Transm Dis 43(9):579\u2013583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/olq.0000000000000486","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"14","key":"638_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"adv00221","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3589","volume":"100","author":"A Sanchez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sanchez A et al (2020) Surveillance of antibiotic resistance genes in Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum from patients with early syphilis in France. Acta Derm Venereol 100(14):adv00221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2340\/00015555-3589","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"10","key":"638_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0238520","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02385-20","volume":"59","author":"JME Venter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Venter JME et al (2021) Treponema pallidum macrolide resistance and molecular epidemiology in southern Africa, 2008 to 2018. J Clin Microbiol 59(10):e0238520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.02385-20","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68656-5","volume":"14","author":"E Vrbov\u00e1","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vrbov\u00e1 E et al (2024) Majority of Treponema pallidum ssp. pallidum MLST allelic profiles in the Czech Republic (2004\u20132022) belong to two SS14-like clusters. Sci Rep 14(1):17463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-68656-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"22","key":"638_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2314441","volume":"390","author":"NAP Lieberman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lieberman NAP et al (2024) Near-universal resistance to macrolides of Treponema pallidum in North America. N Engl J Med 390(22):2127\u20132128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2314441","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"638_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000246314.35047.91","volume":"34","author":"P Zhou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhou P et al (2007) Occurrence of congenital syphilis after maternal treatment with azithromycin during pregnancy. Sex Transm Dis 34(7):472\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.olq.0000246314.35047.91","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"638_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0774","volume":"90","author":"V Woznicov\u00e1","year":"2010","unstructured":"Woznicov\u00e1 V et al (2010) Clarithromycin treatment failure due to macrolide resistance in Treponema pallidum in a patient with primary syphilis. Acta Derm Venereol 90(2):206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2340\/00015555-0774","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"11","key":"638_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181e2c753","volume":"37","author":"P Zhou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhou P et al (2010) Azithromycin treatment failure among primary and secondary syphilis patients in Shanghai. Sex Transm Dis 37(11):726\u2013729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181e2c753","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"638_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1086\/498899","volume":"42","author":"SJ Mitchell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mitchell SJ et al (2006) Azithromycin-resistant syphilis infection: San Francisco, California, 2000\u20132004. Clin Infect Dis 42(3):337\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/498899","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-025-00948-x","volume":"5","author":"P Posp\u00ed\u0161ilov\u00e1","year":"2025","unstructured":"Posp\u00ed\u0161ilov\u00e1 P et al (2025) Resistance to ceftriaxone and penicillin G among contemporary syphilis strains confirmed by natural in vitro mutagenesis. Commun Med (Lond) 5(1):224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-025-00948-x","journal-title":"Commun Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"5","key":"638_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/olq.0000000000002291","volume":"53","author":"LC Tantalo","year":"2026","unstructured":"Tantalo LC et al (2026) Susceptibility to penicillin G and ceftriaxone in 3 clinical Treponema pallidum isolates is not altered by amino acid polymorphisms in the Tp0705 penicillin binding protein. Sex Transm Dis 53(5):319\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/olq.0000000000002291","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"638_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131921","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1131921","volume":"10","author":"HF Mi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mi HF et al (2023) Association between treatment failure in patients with early syphilis and penicillin resistance-related gene mutations of Treponema pallidum: Protocol for a multicentre nested case-control study. Front Med (Lausanne) 10:1131921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.1131921","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"638_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2021.06.011","volume":"6","author":"KS Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu KS et al (2022) Pyramidal inflammatory deposits of the retinal pigment epithelium and outer retina in ocular syphilis. Ophthalmol Retina 6(2):172\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oret.2021.06.011","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"638_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2021.1928712","volume":"30","author":"J Artaechevarria Artieda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Artaechevarria Artieda J et al (2022) Spectrum of syphilitic chorioretinitis and its evolution based on multimodal imaging. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 30(7\u20138):1639\u20131650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273948.2021.1928712","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"6","key":"638_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2021.1892152","volume":"30","author":"A Vaze","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vaze A et al (2022) Optical coherence tomography findings in ocular syphilis involving the posterior segment of the eye. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 30(6):1464\u20131470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273948.2021.1892152","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"2","key":"638_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182993f11","volume":"34","author":"F Pichi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pichi F et al (2014) Spectral domain optical coherence tomography findings in patients with acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinopathy. Retina 34(2):373\u2013384","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"12","key":"638_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2023.07.014","volume":"7","author":"D Mirzania","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mirzania D et al (2023) Clinical characteristics and visual outcomes of acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmol Retina 7(12):1080\u20131086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oret.2023.07.014","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"638_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/icb.0000000000001706","author":"L Zeman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zeman L et al (2024) Optical coherence tomography angiography findings in syphilitic outer retinitis. Retin Cases Brief Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/icb.0000000000001706","journal-title":"Retin Cases Brief Rep"},{"key":"638_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wolek M et al (2025) En face optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography for the diagnosis and monitoring of syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinopathy. J Vitreoretin Dis 24741264251358634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/24741264251358634","DOI":"10.1177\/24741264251358634"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"638_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2021.1906912","volume":"30","author":"M Mikowski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mikowski M, Evans T, Wu L (2022) Reversible choriocapillaris flow voids in acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 30(7\u20138):1964\u20131969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273948.2021.1906912","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"2","key":"638_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1159\/000500239","volume":"10","author":"A Moll-Udina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moll-Udina A et al (2019) Angiography and en face optical coherence tomography findings in acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinopathy. Case Rep Ophthalmol 10(2):165\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000500239","journal-title":"Case Rep Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"638_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1177\/2474126420936193","volume":"4","author":"N Farley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Farley N et al (2020) Optical coherence tomography angiography findings in patients with acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinopathy. J Vitreoretin Dis 4(6):515\u2013521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2474126420936193","journal-title":"J Vitreoretin Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"638_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20170301-03","volume":"48","author":"MG Saleh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saleh MG et al (2017) Ultra-wide-field fundus autofluorescence and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography findings in syphilitic outer retinitis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 48(3):208\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/23258160-20170301-03","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"issue":"8","key":"638_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2017.1347265","volume":"26","author":"C Zett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zett C et al (2018) En-face optical coherence tomography of acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinopathy. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 26(8):1264\u20131270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273948.2017.1347265","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"638_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Balaskas K et al (2012) Fluorescein and indocyanine-green angiography in ocular syphilis: an exploratory study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 250(5):721\u2013730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-011-1893-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-011-1893-4"},{"issue":"4","key":"638_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.4103\/joco.Joco_184_20","volume":"32","author":"CP Herbort Jr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Herbort CP Jr., Papasavvas I, Mantovani A (2020) Choriocapillaris involvement in acute syphilis posterior placoid chorioretinitis is responsible for functional impairment and points towards an immunologic mechanism: A comprehensive clinicopathological approach. J Curr Ophthalmol 32(4):381\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/joco.Joco_184_20","journal-title":"J Curr Ophthalmol"},{"key":"638_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.02.008","volume":"241","author":"J Villaret","year":"2022","unstructured":"Villaret J et al (2022) Indocyanine green angiography features in acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis. Am J Ophthalmol 241:40\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.02.008","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"638_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-020-09763-2","volume":"141","author":"S Inoue","year":"2020","unstructured":"Inoue S et al (2020) Retinal dysfunction of syphilitic outer retinopathy. Doc Ophthalmol 141(2):187\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10633-020-09763-2","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"638_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101358","volume":"106","author":"J Ong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ong J et al (2025) Characterizing Bruch\u2019s membrane: State-of-the-art imaging, computational segmentation, and biologic models in retinal disease and health. Prog Retin Eye Res 106:101358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101358","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"638_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5984","volume":"52","author":"S Peng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Peng S et al (2011) Claudin-19 and the barrier properties of the human retinal pigment epithelium. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52(3):1392\u20131403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.10-5984","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"638_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16330","volume":"290","author":"F O\u2019Leary","year":"2023","unstructured":"O\u2019Leary F, Campbell M (2023) The blood\u2013retina barrier in health and disease. FEBS J 290(4):878\u2013891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/febs.16330","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"issue":"3","key":"638_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2129","volume":"50","author":"M Economopoulou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Economopoulou M et al (2009) Expression, localization, and function of junctional adhesion molecule-C (JAM-C) in human retinal pigment epithelium. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50(3):1454\u20131463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.08-2129","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/s1350-9462(00)00017-3","volume":"20","author":"GM Holtkamp","year":"2001","unstructured":"Holtkamp GM et al (2001) Retinal pigment epithelium-immune system interactions: Cytokine production and cytokine-induced changes. Prog Retin Eye Res 20(1):29\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1350-9462(00)00017-3","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"638_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05389.x","volume":"917","author":"AW Taylor","year":"2000","unstructured":"Taylor AW et al (2000) Neuropeptide regulation of immunity. The immunosuppressive activity of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH). Ann N Y Acad Sci 917:239\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05389.x","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"638_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045613","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1045613","volume":"13","author":"A Bernardo-Col\u00f3n","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bernardo-Col\u00f3n A, Lerner M, Becerra SP (2022) Pigment epithelium-derived factor is an interleukin-6 antagonist in the RPE: Insight of structure-function relationships. Front Physiol 13:1045613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.1045613","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"638_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0362","volume":"46","author":"P Zamiri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zamiri P et al (2005) Thrombospondin plays a vital role in the immune privilege of the eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46(3):908\u2013919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.04-0362","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"638_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3240","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11483","volume":"54","author":"S Sugita","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sugita S et al (2013) Mature dendritic cell suppression by IL-1 receptor antagonist on retinal pigment epithelium cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54(5):3240\u20133249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.12-11483","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"638_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7299","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10182","volume":"53","author":"A Imai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Imai A et al (2012) Immunosuppressive properties of regulatory T cells generated by incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with supernatants of human RPE cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53(11):7299\u20137309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.12-10182","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"638_CR97","first-page":"1590","volume":"39","author":"A J\u00f8rgensen","year":"1998","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen A et al (1998) Human retinal pigment epithelial cell-induced apoptosis in activated T cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39(9):1590\u20131599","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"638_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sugita S et al (2020) Retinal pigment epithelial cells derived from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells suppress or activate T cells via costimulatory signals. Int J Mol Sci 21(18). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21186507","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186507"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2007.09.007","volume":"86","author":"Y Usui","year":"2008","unstructured":"Usui Y et al (2008) Functional expression of B7H1 on retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 86(1):52\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2007.09.007","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"638_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.6.4.12","volume":"6","author":"JR Smith","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smith JR et al (2017) Retinal pigment epithelial cells are a potential reservoir for Ebola virus in the human eye. Transl Vis Sci Technol 6(4):12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.6.4.12","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"14","key":"638_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4652","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-28306","volume":"60","author":"LM Ashander","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ashander LM et al (2019) Neutrophil activities in human ocular toxoplasmosis: An in vitro study with human cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 60(14):4652\u20134660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.19-28306","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"638_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4360","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1234","volume":"48","author":"M Hollborn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hollborn M et al (2007) Positive feedback regulation between MMP-9 and VEGF in human RPE cells. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48(9):4360\u20134367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.06-1234","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"638_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100846","author":"A Lakkaraju","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lakkaraju A et al (2020) The cell biology of the retinal pigment epithelium. Prog Retin Eye Res: 100846. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100846","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res: 100846"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2011.02256.x","volume":"203","author":"C Lecrux","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lecrux C, Hamel E (2011) The neurovascular unit in brain function and disease. Acta Physiol 203(1):47\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2011.02256.x","journal-title":"Acta Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-021-00239-1","volume":"8","author":"S Nian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nian S et al (2021) Neurovascular unit in diabetic retinopathy: pathophysiological roles and potential therapeutical targets. Eye Vis (Lond) 8(1):15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40662-021-00239-1","journal-title":"Eye Vis (Lond)"},{"key":"638_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752781","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2021.752781","volume":"14","author":"N Hudson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hudson N, Campbell M (2021) Tight junctions of the neurovascular unit. Front Mol Neurosci 14:752781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnmol.2021.752781","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"638_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200302070","volume":"161","author":"T Nitta","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nitta T et al (2003) Size-selective loosening of the blood-brain barrier in claudin-5-deficient mice. J Cell Biol 161(3):653\u2013660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.200302070","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"638_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ninchoji T et al (2021) eNOS-induced vascular barrier disruption in retinopathy by c-Src activation and tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin. eLife 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.64944","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.64944"},{"issue":"9","key":"638_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1694","volume":"56","author":"D Navaratna","year":"2007","unstructured":"Navaratna D et al (2007) Proteolytic degradation of VE-cadherin alters the blood-retinal barrier in diabetes. Diabetes 56(9):2380\u20132387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db06-1694","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"638_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1978.03910050572016","volume":"96","author":"F Contreras","year":"1978","unstructured":"Contreras F, Pereda J (1978) Congenital syphilis of the eye with lens involvement. Arch Ophthalmol 96(6):1052\u20131053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.1978.03910050572016","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"638_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(69)92042-x","volume":"67","author":"EN Montenegro","year":"1969","unstructured":"Montenegro EN et al (1969) Histopathologic demonstration of spirochetes in the human eye. Am J Ophthalmol 67(3):335\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9394(69)92042-x","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"638_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(90)32357-6","volume":"97","author":"LS Fujikawa","year":"1990","unstructured":"Fujikawa LS, Haugen JP (1990) Immunopathology of vitreous and retinochoroidal biopsy in posterior uveitis. Ophthalmology 97(12):1644\u20131653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0161-6420(90)32357-6","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2018.1521436","volume":"27","author":"S Lapere","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lapere S, Mustak H, Steffen J (2019) Clinical manifestations and cerebrospinal fluid status in ocular syphilis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 27(1):126\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273948.2018.1521436","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2019.1672193","volume":"29","author":"M Bazewicz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bazewicz M et al (2021) Neurosyphilis cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with ocular syphilis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 29(1):95\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273948.2019.1672193","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"8006","key":"638_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07130-8","volume":"628","author":"X Yin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yin X et al (2024) Compartmentalized ocular lymphatic system mediates eye\u2013brain immunity. Nature 628(8006):204\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-07130-8","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1601-6","volume":"16","author":"G Lepennetier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lepennetier G et al (2019) Cytokine and immune cell profiling in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neuro-inflammatory diseases. J Neuroinflamm 16(1):219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-019-1601-6","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"5","key":"638_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2406971","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202406971","volume":"12","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang Q et al (2025) A study on the inflammatory response of the brain in neurosyphilis. Adv Sci (Weinh) 12(5):e2406971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202406971","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae008","volume":"230","author":"D Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu D et al (2024) Characteristic profiling of soluble factors in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurosyphilis. J Infect Dis 230(1):221\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiae008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2016.1268170","volume":"26","author":"M Ruiz-Cruz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruiz-Cruz M et al (2018) Cytokine profiles in aqueous humor and plasma of HIV-infected individuals with ocular syphilis or cytomegalovirus retinitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 26(1):74\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273948.2016.1268170","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"638_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Engelbrecht S et al (2025) Candidate cytokine biomarkers for the diagnosis of ocular- and neurosyphilis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273948.2025.2552919","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2025.2552919"},{"issue":"5","key":"638_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3923","volume":"51","author":"JJ Chui","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chui JJ et al (2010) Iris pigment epithelial cells express a functional lipopolysaccharide receptor complex. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51(5):2558\u20132567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.09-3923","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"638_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-221","volume":"9","author":"M Rutar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rutar M, Natoli R, Provis JM (2012) Small interfering RNA-mediated suppression of Ccl2 in M\u00fcller cells attenuates microglial recruitment and photoreceptor death following retinal degeneration. J Neuroinflammation 9:221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1742-2094-9-221","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"5","key":"638_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6010","volume":"52","author":"M Rutar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rutar M et al (2011) Early focal expression of the chemokine Ccl2 by M\u00fcller cells during exposure to damage-inducing bright continuous light. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52(5):2379\u20132388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.10-6010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"638_CR124","first-page":"765","volume":"23","author":"C Feng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Feng C et al (2017) Expression of CCL2 and its receptor in activation and migration of microglia and monocytes induced by photoreceptor apoptosis. Mol Vis 23:765\u2013777","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"638_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15326","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.448712","volume":"288","author":"H Kohno","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kohno H et al (2013) Photoreceptor proteins initiate microglial activation via Toll-like receptor 4 in retinal degeneration mediated by all-trans-retinal. J Biol Chem 288:15326\u201315341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M112.448712","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"638_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148037","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1148037","volume":"14","author":"B Geiller","year":"2023","unstructured":"Geiller B et al (2023) Type I and III interferons shape the retinal cytokine network and barrier function in an in vitro model of ocular toxoplasmosis. Front Immunol 14:1148037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1148037","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"638_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4627","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2018.8460","volume":"17","author":"Y Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen Y et al (2018) Interleukin-17 induces angiogenesis in vitro via CXCL8 and CCL2 in retinal pigment epithelium. Mol Med Rep 17(3):4627\u20134632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/mmr.2018.8460","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"638_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3033","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2676","volume":"50","author":"W Zhang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhang W et al (2009) NAD(P)H oxidase-dependent regulation of CCL2 production during retinal inflammation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50(6):3033\u20133040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.08-2676","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"638_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.06.028","volume":"181","author":"K Yuda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yuda K et al (2012) Adrenomedullin inhibits choroidal neovascularization via CCL2 in the retinal pigment epithelium. Am J Pathol 181(4):1464\u20131472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.06.028","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"10","key":"638_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e108508","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108508","volume":"9","author":"S Rangasamy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rangasamy S et al (2014) Chemokine mediated monocyte trafficking into the retina: Role of inflammation in alteration of the blood-retinal barrier in diabetic retinopathy. PLoS ONE 9(10):e108508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0108508","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"638_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110325","volume":"254","author":"M Guo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guo M et al (2025) Loss of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 reduced monocyte recruitment and preserved retinal ganglion cells in a mouse model of hypertensive glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 254:110325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110325","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"638_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109213","volume":"224","author":"MH Mursalin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mursalin MH et al (2022) Roles of CCL2 and CCL3 in intraocular inflammation during Bacillus endophthalmitis. Exp Eye Res 224:109213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109213","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"28","key":"638_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19053","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.000521","volume":"284","author":"SM Stamatovic","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stamatovic SM et al (2009) Caveolae-mediated internalization of occludin and claudin-5 during CCL2-induced tight junction remodeling in brain endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 284(28):19053\u201319066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M109.000521","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"22","key":"638_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4615","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00755","volume":"116","author":"SM Stamatovic","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stamatovic SM et al (2003) Potential role of MCP-1 in endothelial cell tight junction `opening\u2019: Signaling via Rho and Rho kinase. J Cell Sci 116(22):4615\u20134628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jcs.00755","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2025.114813","volume":"454","author":"Y Shu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Shu Y et al (2026) The RPE-derived NF-\u03baB\/HO-1\/MCP-1 pathway mediated microglia recruitment involved in the outer blood-retinal barrier breakdown in experimental diabetic retinopathy. Exp Cell Res 454(1):114813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yexcr.2025.114813","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"638_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3816","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301738","volume":"192","author":"H Kohno","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kohno H et al (2014) CCL3 production by microglial cells modulates disease severity in murine models of retinal degeneration. J Immunol 192(8):3816\u20133827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1301738","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-014-0224-1","volume":"12","author":"M Rutar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rutar M et al (2015) Chemokine-mediated inflammation in the degenerating retina is coordinated by M\u00fcller cells, activated microglia, and retinal pigment epithelium. J Neuroinflamm 12(1):8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-014-0224-1","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10602","volume":"54","author":"CA Wallace","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wallace CA et al (2013) Regulation of T-lymphocyte CCL3 and CCL4 production by retinal pigment epithelial cells. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54(1):722\u2013730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.12-10602","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"638_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/immu.200310014","volume":"33","author":"IJ Crane","year":"2003","unstructured":"Crane IJ et al (2003) Effect of anti-macrophage inflammatory protein-1\u03b1 on leukocyte trafficking and disease progression in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. Eur J Immunol 33(2):402\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/immu.200310014","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-020-00637-3","volume":"18","author":"Y Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo Y et al (2020) Mitochondrial DNA drives noncanonical inflammation activation via cGAS-STING signaling pathway in retinal microvascular endothelial cells. Cell Commun Signal 18(1):172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12964-020-00637-3","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"issue":"3","key":"638_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0305130","volume":"79","author":"IJ Crane","year":"2006","unstructured":"Crane IJ et al (2006) Involvement of CCR5 in the passage of Th1-type cells across the blood-retina barrier in experimental autoimmune uveitis. J Leukoc Biol 79(3):435\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1189\/jlb.0305130","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2011.141","volume":"92","author":"K Ishikawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ishikawa K et al (2012) Bone marrow-derived monocyte lineage cells recruited by MIP-1\u03b2 promote physiological revascularization in mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. Lab Invest 92(1):91\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/labinvest.2011.141","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"638_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100370","volume":"18","author":"C Estevao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Estevao C et al (2021) CCL4 induces inflammatory signalling and barrier disruption in the neurovascular endothelium. Brain Behav Immun Health 18:100370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100370","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"key":"638_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916718","DOI":"10.3389\/fopht.2022.916718","volume":"2","author":"LW van der Merwe","year":"2022","unstructured":"van der Merwe LW et al (2022) CXCL13, CXCL10 and CXCL8 as indicators of ocular and neurological involvement in patients with ocular syphilis: An observational descriptive study. Front Ophthalmol (Lausanne) 2:916718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fopht.2022.916718","journal-title":"Front Ophthalmol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"638_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2024.111454","volume":"124","author":"DA Padovani-Claudio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Padovani-Claudio DA et al (2024) Induction, amplification, and propagation of diabetic retinopathy-associated inflammatory cytokines between human retinal microvascular endothelial and M\u00fcller cells and in the mouse retina. Cell Signal 124:111454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cellsig.2024.111454","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-025-10015-7","volume":"29","author":"MJ Garcia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Garcia MJ et al (2025) IL-8 receptor signaling as a novel target for angiogenic retinopathies. Angiogenesis 29(1):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10456-025-10015-7","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"638_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.12.015","volume":"116","author":"E Korhonen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Korhonen E et al (2019) SQSTM1\/p62 regulates the production of IL-8 and MCP-1 in IL-1\u03b2-stimulated human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Cytokine 116:70\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.12.015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"638_CR148","first-page":"472","volume":"26","author":"M Urban\u010di\u010d","year":"2020","unstructured":"Urban\u010di\u010d M et al (2020) Correlations between vitreous cytokine levels and inflammatory cells in fibrovascular membranes of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Mol Vis 26:472\u2013482","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"issue":"9","key":"638_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.6996","volume":"9","author":"H Yu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yu H et al (2013) Interleukin-8 regulates endothelial permeability by down-regulation of tight junction but not dependent on integrins induced focal adhesions. Int J Biol Sci 9(9):966\u2013979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/ijbs.6996","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"638_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5014","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e07-01-0004","volume":"18","author":"ML Petreaca","year":"2007","unstructured":"Petreaca ML et al (2007) Transactivation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 by interleukin-8 (IL-8\/CXCL8) is required for IL-8\/CXCL8-induced endothelial permeability. Mol Biol Cell 18(12):5014\u20135023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1091\/mbc.e07-01-0004","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-04995-8","volume":"20","author":"B Chimungu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chimungu B et al (2020) Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among foreigners living in Guangzhou, China: A cross-sectional study (2010\u20132017). BMC Infect Dis 20(1):345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-020-04995-8","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"638_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2008.12.001","volume":"46","author":"KW Leung","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leung KW, Barnstable CJ, Tombran-Tink J (2009) Bacterial endotoxin activates retinal pigment epithelial cells and induces their degeneration through IL-6 and IL-8 autocrine signaling. Mol Immunol 46(7):1374\u20131386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molimm.2008.12.001","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.1.22","volume":"65","author":"J Rapp","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rapp J et al (2024) Oncostatin M reduces pathological neovascularization in the retina through M\u00fcller cell activation. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 65(1):22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.65.1.22","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"638_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107885","volume":"190","author":"ME Capozzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Capozzi ME et al (2020) The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b2\/\u03b4 antagonist GSK0660 mitigates retinal cell inflammation and leukostasis. Exp Eye Res 190:107885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107885","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5819","volume":"52","author":"K Norose","year":"2011","unstructured":"Norose K et al (2011) CXCL10 is required to maintain T-cell populations and to control parasite replication during chronic ocular toxoplasmosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52(1):389\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.10-5819","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"638_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.14.14","volume":"62","author":"MH Mursalin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mursalin MH et al (2021) C-X-C chemokines influence intraocular inflammation during Bacillus endophthalmitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 62(14):14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.62.14.14","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"638_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.14.42","volume":"66","author":"F Xia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xia F et al (2025) CXCR3 deficiency alleviates retinal ganglion cell loss by regulating neuron\u2013astrocyte communication in a mouse model of glaucoma. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 66(14):42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.66.14.42","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"638_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2016.1180401","volume":"25","author":"AS Bharadwaj","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bharadwaj AS et al (2017) Molecular signals involved in human B cell migration into the retina: In vitro investigation of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and CXCL13. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 25(6):811\u2013819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273948.2016.1180401","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"2","key":"638_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01737-2","volume":"110","author":"C-C Chan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chan C-C et al (2003) Expression of chemokine receptors, CXCR4 and CXCR5, and chemokines, BLC and SDF-1, in the eyes of patients with primary intraocular lymphoma. Ophthalmology 110(2):421\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01737-2","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"638_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501570","volume":"196","author":"JL Kielczewski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kielczewski JL et al (2016) Tertiary lymphoid tissue forms in retinas of mice with spontaneous autoimmune uveitis and has consequences on visual function. J Immunol 196(3):1013\u20131025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1501570","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"638_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22942","volume":"64","author":"K Eastlake","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eastlake K et al (2016) M\u00fcller glia as an important source of cytokines and inflammatory factors present in the gliotic retina during proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Glia 64(4):495\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/glia.22942","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"12","key":"638_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10121934","volume":"10","author":"C-T Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang C-T et al (2021) Intravitreal injection of long-acting pegylated granulocyte colony-stimulating factor provides neuroprotective effects via antioxidant response in a rat model of traumatic optic neuropathy. Antioxidants 10(12):1934","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"10","key":"638_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.025999","volume":"9","author":"Y-T Wen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wen Y-T et al (2016) Early applications of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) can stabilize the blood\u2013optic-nerve barrier and ameliorate inflammation in a rat model of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rAION). Dis Models Mech 9(10):1193\u20131202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dmm.025999","journal-title":"Dis Models Mech"},{"issue":"3","key":"638_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-05-286963","volume":"117","author":"H Kojima","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kojima H et al (2011) Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor attenuates oxidative stress\u2013induced apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells and exhibits functional and morphologic protective effect in oxygen-induced retinopathy. Blood 117(3):1091\u20131100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2010-05-286963","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01387-9","volume":"24","author":"A Schnell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schnell A, Littman DR, Kuchroo VK (2023) TH17 cell heterogeneity and its role in tissue inflammation. Nat Immunol 24(1):19\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-022-01387-9","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"638_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.155996","volume":"158","author":"K Saita","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saita K et al (2022) Roles of CSF2 as a modulator of inflammation during retinal degeneration. Cytokine 158:155996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.155996","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"638_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102507","volume":"114","author":"SJ Bing","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bing SJ et al (2020) Autoimmunity to neuroretina in the concurrent absence of IFN-\u03b3 and IL-17A is mediated by a GM-CSF-driven eosinophilic inflammation. J Autoimmun 114:102507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102507","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"12","key":"638_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0144460","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144460","volume":"10","author":"Y Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu Y et al (2015) Necrosis-induced sterile inflammation mediated by interleukin-1\u03b1 in retinal pigment epithelial cells. PLoS ONE 10(12):e0144460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0144460","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"638_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.03.015","volume":"172","author":"ZM Bian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bian ZM et al (2018) Expression and regulation of alarmin cytokine IL-1\u03b1 in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 172:10\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2018.03.015","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"638_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04253-x","volume":"257","author":"MD Leclaire","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leclaire MD et al (2019) Lipofuscin-dependent stimulation of microglial cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 257(5):931\u2013952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-019-04253-x","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"638_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24442","volume":"71","author":"K Sato","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sato K et al (2023) The GPR84 molecule is a mediator of a subpopulation of retinal microglia that promote TNF\/IL-1\u03b1 expression via the Rho-ROCK pathway after optic nerve injury. Glia 71(11):2609\u20132622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/glia.24442","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25123-2","volume":"8","author":"N Piippo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Piippo N et al (2018) Hsp90 inhibition as a means to inhibit activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Sci Rep 8(1):6720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-25123-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"638_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108687","volume":"209","author":"E Korhonen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Korhonen E et al (2021) Antimycin A-induced mitochondrial dysfunction regulates inflammasome signaling in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 209:108687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108687","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"638_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.05.018","volume":"161","author":"C Brandstetter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brandstetter C et al (2016) Inflammasome priming increases retinal pigment epithelial cell susceptibility to lipofuscin phototoxicity by changing the cell death mechanism from apoptosis to pyroptosis. J Photochem Photobiol B 161:177\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.05.018","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B"},{"issue":"5","key":"638_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108271","volume":"33","author":"JK Sterling","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sterling JK et al (2020) GLP-1 receptor agonist NLY01 reduces retinal inflammation and neuron death secondary to ocular hypertension. Cell Rep 33(5):108271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108271","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"638_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25575","volume":"232","author":"J-H Yun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yun J-H et al (2017) Endothelial STAT3 activation increases vascular leakage through downregulating tight junction proteins: Implications for diabetic retinopathy. J Cell Physiol 232(5):1123\u20131134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcp.25575","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"638_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-020-01923-4","volume":"154","author":"T Qi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qi T et al (2020) Interleukin-6 promotes migration and extracellular matrix synthesis in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Histochem Cell Biol 154(6):629\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00418-020-01923-4","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"638_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23542","volume":"67","author":"DH Jo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jo DH et al (2019) Interaction between microglia and retinal pigment epithelial cells determines the integrity of outer blood-retinal barrier in diabetic retinopathy. Glia 67(2):321\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/glia.23542","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"638_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.09.009","volume":"178","author":"ML Valle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Valle ML et al (2019) Inhibition of interleukin-6 trans-signaling prevents inflammation and endothelial barrier disruption in retinal endothelial cells. Exp Eye Res 178:27\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2018.09.009","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"638_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.5.32","volume":"8","author":"M Mesquida","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mesquida M et al (2019) Modelling macular edema: The effect of IL-6 and IL-6R blockade on human blood\u2013retinal barrier integrity in vitro. Translational Vis Sci Technol 8(5):32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.8.5.32","journal-title":"Translational Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-023-00341-6","volume":"13","author":"LB Ferreira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferreira LB et al (2023) Human retinal endothelial cells express functional interleukin-6 receptor. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 13(1):21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12348-023-00341-6","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/09114300.2018.1451609","volume":"41","author":"K Sato","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sato K et al (2018) Interleukin-6 plays a crucial role in the development of subretinal fibrosis in a mouse model. Immunological Med 41(1):23\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09114300.2018.1451609","journal-title":"Immunological Med"},{"key":"638_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen Y et al (2021) MicroRNA-124 alleviates retinal vasoregression via regulating microglial polarization. Int J Mol Sci 22(20). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222011068","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011068"},{"issue":"4","key":"638_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2010.03379.x","volume":"132","author":"YS Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee YS et al (2011) Retinal cells suppress intraocular inflammation (uveitis) through production of interleukin-27 and interleukin-10. Immunology 132(4):492\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2010.03379.x","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"12","key":"638_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7159","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.71.12.7159-7163.2003","volume":"71","author":"F Lu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lu F, Huang S, Kasper LH (2003) Interleukin-10 and pathogenesis of murine ocular toxoplasmosis. Infect Immun 71(12):7159\u20137163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.71.12.7159-7163.2003","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"4","key":"638_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800574","volume":"202","author":"E Nikoopour","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nikoopour E et al (2019) Immune cell infiltration into the eye is controlled by IL-10 in recoverin-induced autoimmune retinopathy. J Immunol 202(4):1057\u20131068. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1800574","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"638_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7301","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2018.8787","volume":"17","author":"Q Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao Q, Ji M, Wang X (2018) IL-10 inhibits retinal pigment epithelium cell proliferation and migration through regulation of VEGF in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Mol Med Rep 17(5):7301\u20137306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/mmr.2018.8787","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"638_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23638","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202400053R","volume":"38","author":"SJ Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee SJ et al (2024) IL-10-induced modulation of macrophage polarization suppresses outer-blood-retinal barrier disruption in the streptozotocin-induced early diabetic retinopathy mouse model. Faseb J 38(9):e23638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.202400053R","journal-title":"Faseb J"},{"issue":"2","key":"638_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415577229","volume":"27","author":"R Hu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hu R et al (2016) Value of CXCL13 in diagnosing asymptomatic neurosyphilis in HIV-infected patients. Int J STD AIDS 27(2):141\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956462415577229","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"7","key":"638_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054778","volume":"97","author":"D Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li D et al (2021) Diagnostic role of CXCL13 and CSF serology in patients with neurosyphilis. Sex Transm Infect 97(7):485\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054778","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2462-4","volume":"5","author":"YL Zeng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zeng YL et al (2016) CXCL13 chemokine as a promising biomarker to diagnose neurosyphilis in HIV-negative patients. Springerplus 5(1):743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40064-016-2462-4","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"issue":"5","key":"638_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix233","volume":"216","author":"Q Yu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yu Q et al (2017) Aberrant humoral immune responses in neurosyphilis: CXCL13\/CXCR5 play a pivotal role for B-cell recruitment to the cerebrospinal fluid. J Infect Dis 216(5):534\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jix233","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"638_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037712","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1037712","volume":"9","author":"Y Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu Y et al (2022) Case report: Visual acuity loss as a warning sign of ocular syphilis: A retrospective analysis of 17 cases. Front Med (Lausanne) 9:1037712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.1037712","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"7","key":"638_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2019.1698753","volume":"28","author":"D Smit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smit D et al (2020) Immunoblot and polymerase chain reaction to diagnose ocular syphilis and neurosyphilis in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 28(7):1049\u20131055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273948.2019.1698753","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"638_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549206","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1549206","volume":"16","author":"I Gallais S\u00e9r\u00e9zal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gallais S\u00e9r\u00e9zal I et al (2025) Characterizing the immune infiltrate in secondary syphilis: implications for transmission and pathology. Front Immunol 16:1549206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1549206","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2017.09.040","volume":"361","author":"C Jiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jiang C et al (2017) Treponema pallidum flagellins stimulate MMP-9 and MMP-13 expression via TLR5 and MAPK\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathways in human epidermal keratinocytes. Exp Cell Res 361(1):46\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yexcr.2017.09.040","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"638_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105879","volume":"173","author":"Y Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo Y et al (2022) Treponema pallidum FlaA2 inducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines is mediated via TLR2 in keratinocytes. Microb Pathog 173:105879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105879","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"638_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254342","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1254342","volume":"14","author":"S Waugh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Waugh S et al (2023) Syphilis and the host: Multi-omic analysis of host cellular responses to Treponema pallidum provides novel insight into syphilis pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 14:1254342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1254342","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"638_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.02.028","volume":"25","author":"RL Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang RL et al (2015) Tp17 membrane protein of Treponema pallidum activates endothelial cells in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 25(2):538\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.02.028","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"638_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e115134","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115134","volume":"9","author":"RL Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang RL, Zhang JP, Wang QQ (2014) Recombinant Treponema pallidum protein Tp0965 activates endothelial cells and increases the permeability of endothelial cell monolayer. PLoS ONE 9(12):e115134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0115134","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"638_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00220","volume":"9","author":"ZX Gao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gao ZX et al (2019) Treponema pallidum induces the secretion of HDVSMC inflammatory cytokines to promote the migration and adhesion of THP-1 cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 9:220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00220","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"638_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiae114","volume":"116","author":"T Cao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cao T et al (2024) Treponema pallidum recombinant protein Tp0768 enhances the ability of HUVECs to promote neutrophil chemotaxis through the TLR2\/ER stress signaling pathway. J Leukoc Biol 116(5):1045\u20131053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jleuko\/qiae114","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"638_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649738","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1649738","volume":"16","author":"S Waugh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Waugh S et al (2025) Time-course transcriptomics reveals the impact of Treponema pallidum on microvascular endothelial cell function and phenotype. Front Microbiol 16:1649738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1649738","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"638_CR204","first-page":"465","volume-title":"Chap. 20 - Structure, function, and pathology of Bruch\u2019s membrane, in Retina (Fifth Edition)","author":"CA Curcio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Curcio CA, Johnson M (2013) Chap. 20 - Structure, function, and pathology of Bruch\u2019s membrane, in Retina (Fifth Edition). W.B. Saunders, London, pp 465\u2013481. S.J. Ryan, et al., Editors"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01589-4","volume":"7","author":"WA Kao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kao WA et al (2017) Identification of Tp0751 (pallilysin) as a Treponema pallidum vascular adhesin by heterologous expression in the Lyme disease spirochete. Sci Rep 7(1):1538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-01589-4","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"638_CR206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01424-07","volume":"76","author":"MB Brinkman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brinkman MB et al (2008) A novel Treponema pallidum antigen, TP0136, is an outer membrane protein that binds human fibronectin. Infect Immun 76(5):1848\u20131857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.01424-07","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"638_CR207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00195","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00195-20","volume":"5","author":"KV Lithgow","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lithgow KV et al (2020) Identification of the neuroinvasive pathogen host target, LamR, as an endothelial receptor for the Treponema pallidum adhesin Tp0751. mSphere 5(2):e00195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mSphere.00195-20","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"638_CR208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621654","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.621654","volume":"11","author":"S Primus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Primus S et al (2020) Identification and functional assessment of the first placental adhesin of Treponema pallidum that may play critical role in congenital syphilis. Front Microbiol 11:621654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.621654","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"20","key":"638_CR209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7019","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.186.20.7019-7022.2004","volume":"186","author":"CE Cameron","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cameron CE et al (2004) Treponema pallidum fibronectin-binding proteins. J Bacteriol 186(20):7019\u20137022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.186.20.7019-7022.2004","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"638_CR210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783902","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1783902","volume":"17","author":"K Zafar","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zafar K et al (2026) Treponema pallidum TprD and TprK are adhesins and their surface expression promotes spirochetal opsonophagocytosis. Front Immunol 17:1783902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1783902","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"638_CR211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007401","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007401","volume":"13","author":"V Djokic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Djokic V, Giacani L, Parveen N (2019) Analysis of host cell binding specificity mediated by the Tp0136 adhesin of the syphilis agent Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13(5):e0007401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007401","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"638_CR212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003662","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003662","volume":"9","author":"W Ke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ke W et al (2015) Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum TP0136 protein is heterogeneous among isolates and binds cellular and plasma fibronectin via its NH2-terminal end. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9(3):e0003662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003662","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"638_CR213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25593","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25593","volume":"6","author":"K Chan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chan K et al (2016) Treponema pallidum Lipoprotein TP0435 Expressed in Borrelia burgdorferi Produces Multiple Surface\/Periplasmic Isoforms and mediates Adherence. Sci Rep 6:25593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep25593","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"638_CR214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.71.5.2525-2533.2003","volume":"71","author":"CE Cameron","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cameron CE (2003) Identification of a Treponema pallidum laminin-binding protein. Infect Immun 71(5):2525\u20132533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.71.5.2525-2533.2003","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"11","key":"638_CR215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7485","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.73.11.7485-7494.2005","volume":"73","author":"CE Cameron","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cameron CE et al (2005) Defining the interaction of the Treponema pallidum adhesin Tp0751 with laminin. Infect Immun 73(11):7485\u20137494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.73.11.7485-7494.2005","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"638_CR216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01083-10","volume":"79","author":"S Houston","year":"2011","unstructured":"Houston S et al (2011) Bifunctional role of the Treponema pallidum extracellular matrix binding adhesin Tp0751. Infect Immun 79(3):1386\u20131398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.01083-10","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"9","key":"638_CR217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005919","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005919","volume":"12","author":"ML Parker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Parker ML et al (2016) The structure of Treponema pallidum Tp0751 (pallilysin) reveals a non-canonical lipocalin fold that mediates adhesion to extracellular matrix components and interactions with host cells. PLoS Pathog 12(9):e1005919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005919","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"7","key":"638_CR218","first-page":"68","volume":"29","author":"F Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu F et al (2023) The role of decorin in the adhesion process of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum to human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Altern Ther Health Med 29(7):68\u201373","journal-title":"Altern Ther Health Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"638_CR219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20191234","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765202020191234","volume":"92","author":"F Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu F et al (2020) Gene expression profiling in human brain microvascular endothelial cells in response to Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. Acad Bras Cienc 92(4):e20191234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0001-3765202020191234","journal-title":"Acad Bras Cienc"},{"issue":"3","key":"638_CR220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12482","volume":"91","author":"S Houston","year":"2014","unstructured":"Houston S et al (2014) The multifunctional role of the pallilysin-associated Treponema pallidum protein, Tp0750, in promoting fibrinolysis and extracellular matrix component degradation. Mol Microbiol 91(3):618\u2013634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mmi.12482","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"638_CR221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12065","volume":"8","author":"CX Cai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cai CX et al (2022) Treponema pallidum protein Tp0136 promoting MMPs\/TIMPs imbalance via PI3K, MAPK and NF-\u03baB signalling pathways in HDVSMCs. Heliyon 8(12):e12065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12065","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"638_CR222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691731","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.691731","volume":"12","author":"KV Lithgow","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lithgow KV et al (2021) Treponema pallidum disrupts VE-cadherin intercellular junctions and traverses endothelial barriers using a cholesterol-dependent mechanism. Front Microbiol 12:691731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.691731","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"638_CR223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1012483","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012483","volume":"20","author":"X Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo X et al (2024) Phosphorylated vimentin-triggered fibronectin matrix disaggregation enhances the dissemination of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum across the microvascular endothelial barrier. PLoS Pathog 20(9):e1012483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012483","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"4","key":"638_CR224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.3c00664","volume":"10","author":"Z Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Z et al (2024) ADAMTS5 promotes permeability of the blood-brain barrier during Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum invading the central nervous system. ACS Infect Dis 10(4):1222\u20131231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsinfecdis.3c00664","journal-title":"ACS Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"638_CR225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae245","volume":"230","author":"TB Reid","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reid TB et al (2024) Treponema pallidum periplasmic and membrane proteins are recognized by circulating and skin CD4\u2009+\u2009T cells. J Infect Dis 230(2):281\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiae245","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"638_CR226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18785","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18785","volume":"6","author":"T Pozzobon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pozzobon T et al (2016) Treponema pallidum (syphilis) antigen TpF1 induces angiogenesis through the activation of the IL-8 pathway. Sci Rep 6:18785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep18785","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"638_CR227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/154857","volume":"32","author":"W Cheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cheng W et al (2023) The role of the 47-kDa membrane lipoprotein of Treponema pallidum in promoting maturation of peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells without enhancing C-C chemokine receptor type 7-mediated dendritic cell migration. Adv Clin Exp Med 32(3):369\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17219\/acem\/154857","journal-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"638_CR228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2004.45.3.515","volume":"45","author":"JL Shin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shin JL et al (2004) The effects of Treponema pallidum on human dendritic cells. Yonsei Med J 45(3):515\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3349\/ymj.2004.45.3.515","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"issue":"11","key":"638_CR229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.3c00348","volume":"9","author":"R Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang R et al (2023) Dendritic cell-derived exosomes stimulated by Treponema pallidum induce endothelial cell inflammatory response through the TLR4\/MYD88\/NF-\u039aB signaling pathway. ACS Infect Dis 9(11):2299\u20132305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsinfecdis.3c00348","journal-title":"ACS Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"638_CR230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0188823","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01888-23","volume":"11","author":"M Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang M et al (2023) Tp47-induced monocyte-derived microvesicles promote the adherence of THP-1 cells to human umbilical vein endothelial cells via an ERK1\/2-NF-\u03baB signaling cascade. Microbiol Spectr 11(4):e0188823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.01888-23","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"2","key":"638_CR231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-018-01888-4","volume":"311","author":"BF Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu BF et al (2019) Treponema pallidum induces the activation of endothelial cells via macrophage-derived exosomes. Arch Dermatol Res 311(2):121\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00403-018-01888-4","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"638_CR232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1479","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1479","volume":"12","author":"LB Ferreira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferreira LB et al (2023) Inflammatory cytokines as mediators of retinal endothelial barrier dysfunction in non-infectious uveitis. Clin Translational Immunol 12(12):e1479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cti2.1479","journal-title":"Clin Translational Immunol"},{"key":"638_CR233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.03.040","volume":"59","author":"LR Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin LR et al (2018) Akt, mTOR and NF-\u03baB pathway activation in Treponema pallidum stimulates M1 macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 59:181\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.03.040","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"638_CR234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2025.120005","volume":"1872","author":"QQ Meng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Meng QQ et al (2025) Recombinant protein TprK promotes M1 macrophage polarization and phagocytosis by inducing Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase protein production. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 1872(7):120005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2025.120005","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"638_CR235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2017.01.002","volume":"222","author":"M Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu M et al (2017) Treponema pallidum flagellins elicit proinflammatory cytokines from human monocytes via TLR5 signaling pathway. Immunobiology 222(5):709\u2013718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imbio.2017.01.002","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"638_CR236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106344","volume":"82","author":"SL Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu SL et al (2020) The P2X7 receptor mediates NLRP3-dependent IL-1\u03b2 secretion and promotes phagocytosis in the macrophage response to Treponema pallidum. Int Immunopharmacol 82:106344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106344","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"638_CR237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01227","volume":"8","author":"KL Hawley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hawley KL et al (2017) IFN\u03b3 enhances CD64-potentiated phagocytosis of Treponema pallidum opsonized with human syphilitic serum by human macrophages. Front Immunol 8:1227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01227","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"638_CR238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592864","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.592864","volume":"10","author":"WN Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu WN et al (2020) Treponema pallidum dysregulates monocytes and promotes the expression of IL-1\u03b2 and migration in monocytes through the mTOR signaling pathway. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 10:592864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.592864","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"638_CR239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681813","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1681813","volume":"15","author":"S Waugh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Waugh S et al (2025) Treponema pallidum induces pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in macrophages and macrophage-endothelial co-cultures. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 15:1681813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1681813","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"638_CR240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e994","DOI":"10.1016\/s2666-5247(23)00219-7","volume":"4","author":"LC Tantalo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tantalo LC et al (2023) Antimicrobial susceptibility of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum: An in-vitro study. Lancet Microbe 4(12):e994\u2013e1004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2666-5247(23)00219-7","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"3","key":"638_CR241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae381","volume":"231","author":"LC Tantalo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tantalo LC et al (2025) In vitro exposure of Treponema pallidum to subbactericidal doxycycline did not induce resistance: Implications for doxycycline postexposure prophylaxis. J Infect Dis 231(3):729\u2013733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiae381","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"638_CR242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103281","volume":"65","author":"AM Haynes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haynes AM et al (2021) Efficacy of linezolid on Treponema pallidum, the syphilis agent: A preclinical study. EBioMedicine 65:103281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103281","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"638_CR243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009612","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009612","volume":"17","author":"E Romeis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Romeis E et al (2021) Genetic engineering of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum, the syphilis spirochete. PLoS Pathog 17(7):e1009612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009612","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"3","key":"638_CR244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1011259","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011259","volume":"19","author":"E Romeis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Romeis E et al (2023) Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum with an artificially impaired TprK antigenic variation system is attenuated in the rabbit model of syphilis. PLoS Pathog 19(3):e1011259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011259","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"4","key":"638_CR245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.15304","volume":"122","author":"L Grillov\u00e1","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grillov\u00e1 L et al (2024) Bright new resources for syphilis research: Genetically encoded fluorescent tags for Treponema pallidum and Sf1Ep cells. Mol Microbiol 122(4):455\u2013464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mmi.15304","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12257-025-00241-7","volume":"31","author":"J Lee","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lee J, Lee JW (2026) CRISPRi-based phenotypic screening in bacteria: Technologies, applications, and prospects. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 31(1):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12257-025-00241-7","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"638_CR247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1097\/olq.0000000000001739","volume":"50","author":"LC Tantalo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tantalo LC et al (2023) In vitro isolation of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum from fresh and frozen needle aspirates of primary experimental syphilis lesions. Sex Transm Dis 50(3):180\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/olq.0000000000001739","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"638_CR248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.03.017","volume":"31","author":"J Bos\u00e1k","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bos\u00e1k J et al (2025) In vitro isolation of contemporary Treponema pallidum strains directly from clinical samples of syphilis patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 31(6):1061\u20131065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.03.017","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100971","volume":"6","author":"E Rochet","year":"2026","unstructured":"Rochet E et al (2026) Total RNA and microRNA transcriptomic responses of human retinal M\u00fcller glial cells to infection with Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. Ophthalmol Sci 6(1):100971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100971","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"key":"638_CR250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ashander LM et al (2022) Infection of human retinal pigment epithelial cells with dengue virus strains isolated during outbreaks in Singapore. Microorganisms 10(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10020310","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020310"},{"key":"638_CR251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00708","volume":"10","author":"S Lie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lie S et al (2019) Immunological molecular responses of human retinal pigment epithelial cells to infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Front Immunol 10:708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00708","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"638_CR252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14030286","volume":"14","author":"LM Ashander","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ashander LM et al (2025) Human retinal organoid model of ocular toxoplasmosis. Pathogens 14:286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14030286","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"638_CR253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.19.1.29-49.2006","volume":"19","author":"RE Lafond","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lafond RE, Lukehart SA (2006) Biological basis for syphilis. Clin Microbiol Rev 19(1):29\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.19.1.29-49.2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"638_CR254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2012.21","volume":"90","author":"JM Furtado","year":"2012","unstructured":"Furtado JM et al (2012) Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites cross retinal endothelium assisted by Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 in vitro. Immunol Cell Biol 90(9):912\u2013915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/icb.2012.21","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"638_CR255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2026.0610","volume":"144","author":"S Sharma","year":"2026","unstructured":"Sharma S et al (2026) Interleukin 6 Inhibition With Vamikibart for Uveitic Macular Edema: The Phase 1 DOVETAIL Nonrandomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Ophthalmol 144(5):442\u2013451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2026.0610","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12348-026-00638-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12348-026-00638-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12348-026-00638-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:00:30Z","timestamp":1789578030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12348-026-00638-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":255,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["638"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12348-026-00638-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1869-5760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1869-5760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Clinical images were obtained from patients who provided informed consent for an observational study of ocular syphilis, including ocular imaging.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"57"}}