{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T15:54:21Z","timestamp":1781625261944,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":44,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Oncology Platform Project","award":["2021SK4023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SK4023"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Oncology Platform Project","award":["2021SK4023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SK4023"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Oncology Platform Project","award":["2021SK4023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SK4023"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Oncology Platform Project","award":["2021SK4023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SK4023"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Oncology Platform Project","award":["2021SK4023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SK4023"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Oncology Platform Project","award":["2021SK4023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SK4023"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Oncology Platform Project","award":["2021SK4023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SK4023"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Oncology Platform Project","award":["2021SK4023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SK4023"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025JJ80929,2025JJ90017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JJ80929,2025JJ90017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025JJ80929,2025JJ90017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JJ80929,2025JJ90017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025JJ80929,2025JJ90017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JJ80929,2025JJ90017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025JJ80929,2025JJ90017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JJ80929,2025JJ90017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025JJ80929,2025JJ90017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JJ80929,2025JJ90017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025JJ80929,2025JJ90017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JJ80929,2025JJ90017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025JJ80929,2025JJ90017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JJ80929,2025JJ90017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025JJ80929,2025JJ90017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JJ80929,2025JJ90017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biol Proced Online"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12575-025-00310-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T17:15:25Z","timestamp":1764695725000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Clinical Retrospective Study on the Role of Spleen-Invigorating and Qi-Supporting Therapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Immunotherapy and Construction of Survival Prediction Model"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangnan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaoyao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinhui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4635-3230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lihuai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"310_CR1","first-page":"229","volume":"74","author":"F Bray","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74(3):229\u201363.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"310_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-018-0081-9","volume":"19","author":"NK Altorki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Altorki NK, Markowitz GJ, Gao D, Port JL, Saxena A, Stiles B, McGraw T, Mittal V. The lung microenvironment: an important regulator of tumour growth and metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer. 2019;19(1):9\u201331.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"310_CR3","unstructured":"Dong D, Huang YH, Zhang YJ, Li HC. Interpretation of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for Lung Cancer by the Chinese Medical Association (2023 Edition). Chinese J Clin Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg. 2023;30(11):1533\u20131538."},{"key":"310_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen SY, Wang CT, Huang TH, Tsai JL, Wang HT, Yen YT, Tseng YL, Wu CL, Chang JM, Shiau AL. Advancing Lung Cancer Treatment with Combined c-Met Promoter-Driven Oncolytic Adenovirus and Rapamycin. Cells. 2024;13(18).","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13181597"},{"issue":"1","key":"310_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-020-01260-z","volume":"19","author":"L Horvath","year":"2020","unstructured":"Horvath L, Thienpont B, Zhao L, Wolf D, Pircher A. Overcoming immunotherapy resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - novel approaches and future outlook. Mol Cancer. 2020;19(1):141.","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"310_CR6","unstructured":"Zhang JQ, Luo QQ. Advances in perioperative chemoimmunotherapy efficacy and recurrence mechanisms in non-small cell lung cancer. Chinese J Clin Thoracic and Cardiovasc Surg;\u00a02025. [Epub ahead of print]."},{"issue":"2","key":"310_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504627","volume":"373","author":"J Brahmer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brahmer J, Reckamp KL, Baas P, Crin\u00f2 L, Eberhardt WE, Poddubskaya E, Antonia S, Pluzanski A, Vokes EE, Holgado E, et al. Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced Squamous-Cell Non-Small-Cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(2):123\u201335.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"310_CR8","first-page":"99","volume":"49","author":"XH Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang XH, Wang XC. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitor\u2013related colitis. Chin Clin Oncol. 2022;49(02):99\u2013103.","journal-title":"Chin Clin Oncol"},{"key":"310_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175883592093790","DOI":"10.1177\/1758835920937902","volume":"12","author":"RJ Walsh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walsh RJ, Soo RA. Resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer: biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2020;12:1758835920937902.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Med Oncol"},{"key":"310_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117955492110044","DOI":"10.1177\/11795549211004489","volume":"15","author":"S Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang S, Pease DF, Kulkarni AA, Kumar M, Shanley RM, Xu B, Joshi SP, Patel MR. Real-World outcomes and clinical predictors of immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy in advanced lung cancer. Clin Med Insights Oncol. 2021;15:11795549211004489.","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Oncol"},{"key":"310_CR11","unstructured":"Li K. Improvement effect and mechanism of ginsenoside Rg2 on HFD\/STZ-induced nephropathy in T2DM mice [Master\u2019s thesis]. Changchun (China): Jilin Agricultural University; 2024."},{"issue":"07","key":"310_CR12","first-page":"120","volume":"50","author":"L Dai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dai L, Zhang WL, Hu XL. Effects of Jianpi Fuzheng Jiedu Decoction on tumour markers, immune function, and intestinal microbiota in patients with advanced gastric cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Liaoning J Traditional Chin Med. 2023;50(07):120\u20133.","journal-title":"Liaoning J Traditional Chin Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"310_CR13","first-page":"4221","volume":"46","author":"K Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou K, Yuan W, Wu J, Xia Z, Zhang F. Clinical efficacy of Shugan Jianpi Jiedu formula combined with Tislelizumab and bevacizumab in advanced liver cancer. Chin Traditional Patent Med. 2024;46(12):4221\u20134.","journal-title":"Chin Traditional Patent Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"310_CR14","first-page":"31","volume":"19","author":"JY Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang JY, Huang WL, Hang Y, Li L. A case report: treatment of small cell lung cancer with TCM syndrome differentiation combined with chemotherapy. China Collect Typ Cases. 2025;19(01):31\u20134.","journal-title":"China Collect Typ Cases"},{"issue":"04","key":"310_CR15","first-page":"340","volume":"34","author":"J Ye","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ye J, Dai CY. Clinical experience of treating lung cancer using the Peitu Shengjin method. J Shandong Univ Traditional Chin Med. 2010;34(04):340\u20131.","journal-title":"J Shandong Univ Traditional Chin Med"},{"key":"310_CR16","unstructured":"Luo HY. Effects of Ganjifang on proliferation, migration, and invasion of human hepatoma Hep3B cells and clinical efficacy evaluation. Master\u2019s thesis. Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; 2021."},{"key":"310_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J, Schwartz LH, Sargent D, Ford R, et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer. 2009;45(2):228\u201347.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.10.026"},{"issue":"4","key":"310_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2024.05.026","volume":"166","author":"FC Detterbeck","year":"2024","unstructured":"Detterbeck FC, Woodard GA, Bader AS, Dacic S, Grant MJ, Park HS, Tanoue LT. The proposed ninth edition TNM classification of lung cancer. Chest. 2024;166(4):882\u201395.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"04","key":"310_CR19","first-page":"549","volume":"13","author":"General Office of the National Health Commission","year":"2022","unstructured":"General Office of the National Health Commission. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of primary lung cancer (2022 Edition). Peking Union Med Coll J. 2022;13(04):549\u201370.","journal-title":"Peking Union Med Coll J"},{"issue":"12","key":"310_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(96)00236-3","volume":"49","author":"P Peduzzi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Peduzzi P, Concato J, Kemper E, Holford TR, Feinstein AR. A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49(12):1373\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"310_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-023-02902-0","volume":"23","author":"HE Marei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marei HE, Hasan A, Pozzoli G, Cenciarelli C. Cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs): potential, mechanisms of resistance, and strategies for reinvigorating T cell responsiveness when resistance is acquired. Cancer Cell Int. 2023;23(1):64.","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"310_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3239","volume":"12","author":"DM Pardoll","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pardoll DM. The Blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12(4):252\u201364.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"310_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2022.0540","volume":"19","author":"T Boch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boch T, K\u00f6hler J, Janning M, Loges S. Targeting the EGF receptor family in non-small cell lung cancer-increased complexity and future perspectives. Cancer Biol Med. 2022;19(11):1543\u201364.","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Med"},{"key":"310_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghanbar MI, Suresh K. Pulmonary toxicity of immune checkpoint immunotherapy. J Clin Invest 2024;134(2):e170503.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI170503"},{"key":"310_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217272","volume":"604","author":"S Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang S, Chung JY, Li C, Wu Y, Qiao G, To KF, Tang PM. Cellular dynamics of tumor microenvironment driving immunotherapy resistance in non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Cancer Lett. 2024;604:217272.","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"310_CR26","unstructured":"Chen ZR. Clinical observation of Traditional Chinese Medicine combined with chemotherapy plus PD-1 antibody in advanced NSCLC. Master\u2019s thesis. Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; 2021."},{"issue":"05","key":"310_CR27","first-page":"103","volume":"6","author":"ZY Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang ZY, Hua DM, Li MY, Hu XQ, Wang Y. Research progress on improving antitumor efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors with Traditional Chinese Medicine. J Oncol Chin Med. 2024;6(05):103\u201310.","journal-title":"J Oncol Chin Med"},{"issue":"09","key":"310_CR28","first-page":"52","volume":"42","author":"ZY Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao ZY, Wu JC, Zhang B, Luo YB, Xu LL, Li Y. Research progress on TCM formulas and active components in reducing resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. China J Chin Materia Med. 2024;42(09):52\u20138.","journal-title":"China J Chin Materia Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"310_CR29","first-page":"80","volume":"54","author":"SL Sang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sang SL, Jiang JJ, Gong YB. Molecular mechanisms and research progress of combining TCM with EGFR-TKIs in treating resistance in NSCLC. Jiangxi J Traditional Chin Med. 2023;54(11):80\u20134.","journal-title":"Jiangxi J Traditional Chin Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"310_CR30","first-page":"217","volume":"42","author":"SH Tang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tang SH, Feng MJ, Xue ZX, Lu GH. Correlation between immune-related adverse events induced by pembrolizumab and TCM constitution types. Pharm Pract Service. 2024;42(05):217\u201322.","journal-title":"Pharm Pract Service"},{"key":"310_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799455","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.799455","volume":"12","author":"C Genova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Genova C, Dellepiane C, Carrega P, Sommariva S, Ferlazzo G, Pronzato P, Gangemi R, Filaci G, Coco S, Croce M. Therapeutic implications of tumor microenvironment in lung cancer: focus on immune checkpoint Blockade. Front Immunol. 2021;12:799455.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"310_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang YM, Wang JY, Cui SY, Liu K, Zheng W, Wang ZZ, Ding JY. Research progress on active ingredients of Atractylodes macrocephala and their antitumor mechanisms. Chinese Archives Trad Chinese Med. 2024:1\u201312.","DOI":"10.54097\/srmfs528"},{"key":"310_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.105824","volume":"75","author":"M Ke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ke M, Zhang Z, Xu B, Zhao S, Ding Y, Wu X, Wu R, Lv Y, Dong J. Baicalein and Baicalin promote antitumor immunity by suppressing PD-L1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 2019;75:105824.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"310_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr-23-7","volume":"12","author":"M Sung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sung M, Jang WS, Kim HR, Park JA, Lim SM, Kim HR, Cho BC, Park YR, Hong MH. Prognostic value of baseline and early treatment response of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein, and lactate dehydrogenase in non-small cell lung cancer patients undergoing immunotherapy. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2023;12(7):1506\u201316.","journal-title":"Transl Lung Cancer Res"},{"key":"310_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00654","volume":"10","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Y, Zhang Z, Hu Y, Yan X, Song Q, Wang G, Chen R, Jiao S, Wang J. Pretreatment Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte ratio (NLR) May predict the outcomes of advanced Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Front Oncol. 2020;10:654.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"310_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr-24-190","volume":"13","author":"N Kataoka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kataoka N, Katayama Y, Yamada T, Morimoto K, Takeda T, Okada A, Shiotsu S, Chihara Y, Hiranuma O, Yamada T, et al. CYFRA 21\u2009\u2013\u20091 predicts efficacy of combined chemoimmunotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a prospective observational study. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2024;13(8):1929\u201337.","journal-title":"Transl Lung Cancer Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"310_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2023.13740","volume":"25","author":"T Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang T, Cheng J, Fu S, Sun T, Yang K, You J, Li F. Pretreatment levels of serum alkaline phosphatase are associated with the prognosis of patients with non\u2013small cell lung cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors. Oncol Lett. 2023;25(4):154.","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"310_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113541","volume":"155","author":"D Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang D, Cui Q, Yang YJ, Liu AQ, Zhang G, Yu JC. Application of dendritic cells in tumor immunotherapy and progress in the mechanism of anti-tumor effect of astragalus polysaccharide (APS) modulating dendritic cells: a review. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;155:113541.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"6","key":"310_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01497","volume":"40","author":"M Reck","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reck M, Remon J, Hellmann MD. First-Line immunotherapy for Non-Small-Cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(6):586\u201397.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"310_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-025-01550-z","volume":"25","author":"X Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou X, Gao J, Zhang Y, Feng C. Immunomodulatory effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine on cancer: insights from network Pharmacology and single-cell RNA sequencing data on the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma with Shenling Baizhu powder. Funct Integr Genomics. 2025;25(1):47.","journal-title":"Funct Integr Genomics"},{"key":"310_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746917","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.746917","volume":"11","author":"F Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen F, Li J, Wang H, Ba Q. Anti-Tumor effects of Chinese medicine compounds by regulating immune cells in microenvironment. Front Oncol. 2021;11:746917.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"310_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211855","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1211855","volume":"13","author":"H Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang H, Zeng W, Zhang X, Li Y, Wang Y, Peng A, Cao D. Gut microbiota and its metabolites in non-small cell lung cancer and brain metastasis: from alteration to potential microbial markers and drug targets. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1211855.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"310_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-025-14246-1","volume":"25","author":"S Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu S, Chen Z, Chen X, Chu H, Huang X, Chen C, Liu H, Qu Y, Lu Z. Interplay of Disulfidptosis and the tumor microenvironment across cancers: implications for prognosis and therapeutic responses. BMC Cancer. 2025;25(1):1113.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"310_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3757","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S509245","volume":"18","author":"S Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang S, Liu H, Zheng Y, Chu H, Lu Z, Yuan J, Xu S. The role of PLIN3 in prognosis and Tumor-Associated macrophage infiltration: A Pan-Cancer analysis. J Inflamm Res. 2025;18:3757\u201377.","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"310_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-12843-0","volume":"24","author":"S Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu S, Zheng Y, Ye M, Shen T, Zhang D, Li Z, Lu Z. Comprehensive pan-cancer analysis reveals EPHB2 is a novel predictive biomarker for prognosis and immunotherapy response. BMC Cancer. 2024;24(1):1064.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"310_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.023","volume":"104","author":"P Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang P, Hu L, Bai R, Zheng X, Ma Y, Gao X, Sun B, Hu F. Structural characterization of a pectic polysaccharide from Codonopsis pilosula and its Immunomodulatory activities in vivo and in vitro. Int J Biol Macromol. 2017;104(Pt A):1359\u201369.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"issue":"25","key":"310_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40305","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16928","volume":"8","author":"X Meng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meng X, Mao Z, Li X, Zhong D, Li M, Jia Y, Wei J, Yang B, Zhou H. Baicalein decreases uric acid and prevents hyperuricemic nephropathy in mice. Oncotarget. 2017;8(25):40305\u201317.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"1","key":"310_CR48","first-page":"464","volume":"41","author":"R Xia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xia R, Sheng X, Xu X, Yu C, Lu H. Hesperidin induces apoptosis and G0\/G1 arrest in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. Int J Mol Med. 2018;41(1):464\u201372.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"310_CR49","first-page":"270","volume":"30","author":"AQ Lv","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lv AQ, Shi YF, Ke J. Research progress on ginsenoside components in the treatment of lung cancer. Chin J Experimental Traditional Med Formulae. 2024;30(18):270\u201380.","journal-title":"Chin J Experimental Traditional Med Formulae"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"310_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117308","volume":"319","author":"H Shuangshuang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shuangshuang H, Mengmeng S, Lan Z, Fang Z, Yu L. Maimendong Decoction regulates M2 macrophage polarization to suppress pulmonary fibrosis via PI3K\/Akt\/FOXO3a signalling pathway-mediated fibroblast activation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2024;319(Pt 3):117308.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"310_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118955","volume":"338","author":"M Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang M, Yang F, Kong J, Zong Y, Li Q, Shao B, Wang J. Traditional Chinese Medicine enhances the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors in tumor treatment: A mechanism discussion. J Ethnopharmacol. 2025;338(Pt 1):118955.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"310_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366489","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1366489","volume":"15","author":"J Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang J, Guo Z, Shen M, Xie Q, Xiang H. Potential application mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine in treating immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1366489.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"310_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106083","volume":"176","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang X, Li Y, Xue Z, Shao R, Li L, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Yang J. Xuanfei Baidu Decoction reduces acute lung injury by regulating infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages via PD-1\/IL17A pathway. Pharmacol Res. 2022;176:106083.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"}],"container-title":["Biological Procedures Online"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12575-025-00310-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12575-025-00310-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12575-025-00310-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T12:03:19Z","timestamp":1768478599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12575-025-00310-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["310"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12575-025-00310-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1480-9222"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1480-9222","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This retrospective study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine (Approval No. HN-LL-GZR-2024-034). The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the anonymized nature of clinical data extracted from electronic medical records.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors confirm that no personally identifiable information, images, or videos of participants are included in this manuscript. All clinical data presented are aggregated and anonymized, adhering to ethical standards for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2"}}