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Although vaccination to enhance the host antibody response remains the main control strategy, the genetic basis of this variation is poorly understood. In this study, we used a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to investigate the genetic architecture of the longitudinal antibody responses to AIV (subtypes H5, H7, and H9) and NDV in chickens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify the genomic regions and candidate genes associated with the longitudinal antibody response to AIV and NDV after immunization, we conducted a GWAS using 1,359,927 SNP markers in an advanced intercross line (AIL) of the F19 resource population. We found moderate heritability for both the traits. Based on these associations, we identified the genomic regions and candidate genes for both traits. Association analysis revealed two significant SNPs located on chromosome 3, rs316474025 near NFKBIE and SLC35B2 [rs316474025], and rs312870707 near ATG5 gene, that are associated with viral antibody titers against AIV subtypes H5 and H7, respectively. Additionally, one variant on chromosome 27, rs318005864 near DDK12 and RPL19 genes, was strongly linked to the antibody response associated with NDV at mid-phase (40\u00a0days post-immunization). Furthermore, another variant, rs737164663, near FRMD5 and GLCE genes, was strongly linked to the antibody titer associated with both AIV subtype H9 and NDV in the late phase (60\u00a0days post-immunization). Genes located in these regions may be responsible for the immune response in chickens. Before implementation in breeding programs, the efficacy and long-term persistence of selecting these antibody response traits should be validated in larger independent cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We confirmed the presence of genetic variability and identified SNPs significantly associated with antibody titer traits in F19 chickens. These findings highlight genomic regions contributing to variation in antibody responses and provide valuable information for improving antibody-related traits through selective breeding programs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12711-026-01077-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T02:24:11Z","timestamp":1786415051000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genome-wide association study reveals putative genetic determinants of longitudinal immune responses to avian influenza and Newcastle disease in chickens"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Haile","family":"Berihulay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainong","family":"Lao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Chuxiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Endashaw","family":"Jebessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manshan","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingming","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenglong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1077_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104295","volume":"103","author":"RB Bist","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bist RB, Bist K, Poudel S, Subedi D, Yang X, Paneru B, et al. 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Poult Sci. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103621.","journal-title":"Poult Sci"}],"container-title":["Genetics Selection Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12711-026-01077-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12711-026-01077-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12711-026-01077-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T19:30:22Z","timestamp":1792611022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12711-026-01077-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12711-026-01077-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1297-9686"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1297-9686","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All animal procedures were conducted in accordance with accepted guidelines for the care and use of experimental animals. Blood samples and phenotypic data used in this study were collected from chickens maintained at the Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, People\u2019s Republic of China. The experimental procedures, including repeated blood sampling, were reviewed and approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Approval No. GAAS-IAS-2009-73).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"56"}}