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However, other behavioral traits such as lying, standing, and moving remain less studied. Moreover, the genetic relationships between behavioral traits and carcass traits are poorly understood in beef cattle. This study analyzed seven behavioral classes\u2014feeding, lying, moving, standing, ruminating, ruminating while lying, and ruminating while standing\u2014measured using wearable sensors in 1032 Japanese Black cattle and investigated their genetic correlations with carcass traits. In addition, the potential use of these behavioral traits as secondary traits to improve the prediction accuracy of carcass breeding values was examined using bi-trait mixed-effect models. Ratio-based behavioral traits, such as the ratio of daily total feeding duration to ruminating duration, were also analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Estimated heritability were generally low, ranging from 0.02 to 0.37, accounting for 22.7%\u201367.5% of the repeatability. Genetic correlations between behavioral and carcass traits were also low in magnitude (\u2212\u20090.28 to 0.29); nevertheless, significant correlations were detected for all carcass traits except rib thickness. These correlations were interpretable; for example, animals that fed and moved less frequently and for shorter durations, and that ruminated more frequently and for longer durations, exhibited greater carcass weight. Ratio-based behavioral traits were heritable and often showed significant genetic correlations with carcass traits, which aided in the interpretation of the results. Incorporating behavioral traits as secondary traits into bi-trait mixed-effect models did not improve the accuracy of carcass breeding value predictions, likely due to the low heritability and weak genetic correlations observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although heritability and genetic correlations were generally low, the findings provide novel insights into the genetic relationships between behavioral and carcass traits. These results offer fundamental information that may support the use of behavioral traits in breeding and management strategies for beef cattle.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12711-026-01082-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:08:42Z","timestamp":1787562522000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heritability of behavioral traits and their genetic correlations with carcass traits in beef cattle"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1707-9539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akio","family":"Onogi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Oya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshio","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Ogino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masakazu","family":"Shinomiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhito","family":"Kurogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1082_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa350","volume":"98","author":"LF Benfica","year":"2020","unstructured":"Benfica LF, Sakamoto LS, Magalh\u00e3es AFB, de Oliveira MHV, de Albuquerque LG, Cavalheiro R, et al. 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