{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T08:30:53Z","timestamp":1778661053683,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,5]],"date-time":"2015-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1423094400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Bioinformatics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-015-0481-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,4]],"date-time":"2015-02-04T13:52:54Z","timestamp":1423057974000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Mutations and CpG islands among hepatitis B virus genotypes in Europe"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chengyao","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jihua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingdong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"481_CR1","volume-title":"Prevention and control of viral hepatitis infection: frame work for global action","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2012","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Prevention and control of viral hepatitis infection: frame work for global action. Geneva: WHO; 2012. http:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/disease\/hepatitis\/GHP_Framework_En.pdf?ua=1"},{"issue":"1","key":"481_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.06.015","volume":"46","author":"MR Pourkarim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pourkarim MR, Verbeeck J, Rahman M, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Forier AM, Lemey P, et al. Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis B virus full-length genomes reveals evidence for a large nosocomial outbreak in Belgium. J Clin Virol: Offic Publ Pan Am Soc Clin Virol. 2009;46(1):61\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol: Offic Publ Pan Am Soc Clin Virol"},{"issue":"21","key":"481_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18880","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.13.21.18880-en","volume":"13","author":"M Rantala","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rantala M, van de Laar MJ. Surveillance and epidemiology of hepatitis B and C in Europe - a review. Euro Surveill. 2008;13(21):18880.","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"1","key":"481_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2009.07.013","volume":"286","author":"FH Pujol","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pujol FH, Navas MC, Hainaut P, Chemin I. Worldwide genetic diversity of HBV genotypes and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett. 2009;286(1):80\u20138.","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"issue":"19","key":"481_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.10.045","volume":"23","author":"A Kramvis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kramvis A, Kew M, Francois G. Hepatitis B virus genotypes. Vaccine. 2005;23(19):2409\u201323.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"2","key":"481_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e56711","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056711","volume":"8","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Li C, Zhang Y, Zhu H, Kang Y, Liu H, et al. Comparative analysis of CpG islands among HBV genotypes. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56711.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"s1","key":"481_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2007.00099.x","volume":"37","author":"S Schaefer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schaefer S. Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Europe. Hepatol Res: Offic J Jpn Soc Hepatol. 2007;37(s1):S20\u20136.","journal-title":"Hepatol Res: Offic J Jpn Soc Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"481_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014572600432","volume":"24","author":"S Vieth","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vieth S, Manegold C, Drosten C, Nippraschk T, Gunther S. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis B virus genotype G isolated in Germany. Virus Genes. 2002;24(2):153\u20136.","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"481_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-540","volume":"13","author":"AC Kuyl van der","year":"2013","unstructured":"van der Kuyl AC, Zorgdrager F, Hogema B, Bakker M, Jurriaans S, Back NK, et al. High prevalence of hepatitis B virus dual infection with genotypes A and G in HIV-1 infected men in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, during 2000\u20132011. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:540.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"481_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21220","volume":"44","author":"M Chudy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chudy M, Schmidt M, Czudai V, Scheiblauer H, Nick S, Mosebach M, et al. Hepatitis B virus genotype G monoinfection and its transmission by blood components. Hepatology. 2006;44(1):99\u2013107.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"481_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2005.00692.x","volume":"13","author":"P Halfon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Halfon P, Bourliere M, Pol S, Benhamou Y, Ouzan D, Rotily M, et al. Multicentre study of hepatitis B virus genotypes in France: correlation with liver fibrosis and hepatitis B e antigen status. J Viral Hepat. 2006;13(5):329\u201335.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"481_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-1-67","volume":"81","author":"L Stuyver","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stuyver L, De Gendt S, Van Geyt C, Zoulim F, Fried M, Schinazi RF, et al. A new genotype of hepatitis B virus: complete genome and phylogenetic relatedness. J Gen Virol. 2000;81(Pt 1):67\u201374.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"8","key":"481_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2009.107","volume":"6","author":"W Chotiyaputta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chotiyaputta W, Lok AS. Hepatitis B virus variants. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;6(8):453\u201362.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"481_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2007.00905.x","volume":"15","author":"P Vivekanandan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vivekanandan P, Thomas D, Torbenson M. Hepatitis B viral DNA is methylated in liver tissues. J Viral Hepat. 2008;15(2):103\u20137.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"481_CR15","first-page":"257","volume":"19","author":"JY Chen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Chen JY, Hsu HC, Lee CS, Chen DS, Zuckerman AJ, Harrison TJ. Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA in hepatocellular carcinoma: methylation of integrated viral DNA. J Virol Methods. 1988;19(3\u20134):257\u201363.","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"481_CR16","first-page":"337","volume":"29","author":"T Tahara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tahara T, Arisawa T, Shibata T, Yamashita H, Yoshioka D, Hirata I. Effect of promoter ethylation of multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene in gastric carcinogenesis. Anticancer Res. 2009;29(1):337\u201341.","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"481_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.01.030","volume":"427","author":"W Shi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shi W, Carr MJ, Dunford L, Zhu C, Hall WW, Higgins DG. Identification of novel inter-genotypic recombinants of human hepatitis B viruses by large-scale phylogenetic analysis. Virology. 2012;427(1):51\u20139.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"481_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-239","volume":"10","author":"WH Gerlich","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gerlich WH. Medical virology of hepatitis B: how it began and where we are now. Virol J. 2013;10:239.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"6","key":"481_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1349","volume":"5","author":"MJ Fazzari","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fazzari MJ, Greally JM. Epigenomics: beyond CpG islands. Nat Rev Genet. 2004;5(6):446\u201355.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"9","key":"481_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1086\/597614","volume":"199","author":"P Vivekanandan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vivekanandan P, Thomas D, Torbenson M. Methylation regulates hepatitis B viral protein expression. J Infect Dis. 2009;199(9):1286\u201391.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"481_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.65.476","volume":"65","author":"YH Shi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shi YH. Correlation between hepatitis B virus genotypes and clinical outcomes. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2012;65(6):476\u201382.","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"481_CR22","first-page":"360","volume":"32","author":"MA Atalay","year":"2011","unstructured":"Atalay MA, Gokahmetoglu S, Aygen B. Genotypes of hepatitis B virus in Central Anatolia, Kayseri, Turkey. Saudi Med J. 2011;32(4):360\u20133.","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"481_CR23","first-page":"33","volume":"5","author":"PU Onganer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Onganer PU, Oguzoglu N, Ozer A. Mutation and genotype analysis of hepatitis B virus on acute and chronic infected selected patients in Turkey. J Cell Mol Biol. 2006;5:33\u201342.","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"481_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21726","volume":"82","author":"MR Pourkarim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pourkarim MR, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Verbeeck J, Lemey P, Zeller M, Rahman M, et al. Molecular evolutionary analysis and mutational pattern of full-length genomes of hepatitis B virus isolated from Belgian patients with different clinical manifestations. J Med Virol. 2010;82(3):379\u201389.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"24","key":"481_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199712113372406","volume":"337","author":"WM Lee","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lee WM. Hepatitis B virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(24):1733\u201345.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Pt 12","key":"481_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.2008\/005124-0","volume":"89","author":"C Osiowy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Osiowy C, Gordon D, Borlang J, Giles E, Villeneuve JP. Hepatitis B virus genotype G epidemiology and co-infection with genotype A in Canada. J Gen Virol. 2008;89(Pt 12):3009\u201315.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"12","key":"481_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6131","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.12.6131-6137.2002","volume":"76","author":"H Kato","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kato H, Orito E, Gish RG, Sugauchi F, Suzuki S, Ueda R, et al. Characteristics of hepatitis B virus isolates of genotype G and their phylogenetic differences from the other six genotypes (A through F). J Virol. 2002;76(12):6131\u20137.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"9","key":"481_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.22160","volume":"83","author":"DY Dao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dao DY, Balko J, Attar N, Neak E, Yuan HJ, Lee WM, et al. Hepatitis B virus genotype G: prevalence and impact in patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Med Virol. 2011;83(9):1551\u20138.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"481_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.110.126094","volume":"187","author":"N Elango","year":"2011","unstructured":"Elango N, Yi SV. Functional relevance of CpG island length for regulation of gene expression. Genetics. 2011;187(4):1077\u201383.","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"8","key":"481_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1655","volume":"6","author":"KD Robertson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Robertson KD. DNA methylation and human disease. Nat Rev Genet. 2005;6(8):597\u2013610.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"}],"container-title":["BMC Bioinformatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12859-015-0481-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12859-015-0481-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12859-015-0481-8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12859-015-0481-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T00:53:03Z","timestamp":1717721583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12859-015-0481-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,5]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12859-015-0481-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2105"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2105","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 July 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2015","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2015","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"38"}}