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However, numerous studies have shown that arecoline may inhibit fibroblast proliferation and prevent collagen synthesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High doses of arecoline (&gt;\u200932\u2009\u03bcg\/ml) could inhibit human oral fibroblast proliferation, while low doses of arecoline (&lt;\u200916\u2009\u03bcg\/ml) could promote the proliferation of human oral fibroblasts. Wnt5a was found to be both sufficient and necessary for the promotion of fibroblast proliferation. Egr-1 could mediate the expression of Wnt5a in fibroblasts, while NF-\u03baB, FOXO1, Smad2, and Smad3 did not. Treatment with siRNAs specific to Egr-1, Egr inhibitors, or Wnt5a antibody treatment could all inhibit arecoline-induced Wnt5a upregulation and fibroblast proliferation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Egr-1 mediates the effect of low dose arecoline treatment on human oral mucosa fibroblast proliferation by transactivating the expression of Wnt5a. Therefore, Egr inhibitors and Wnt5a antibodies are potential therapies for treatment of oral submucosal fibrosis and oral cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12860-020-00325-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T21:03:22Z","timestamp":1604955802000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Egr-1 mediates low-dose arecoline induced human oral mucosa fibroblast proliferation via transactivation of Wnt5a expression"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Qiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiuyang","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sijie","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaolan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3505-0396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"325_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/13556210120091464","volume":"7","author":"BJ Boucher","year":"2002","unstructured":"Boucher BJ, Mannan N. 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