{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:36:05Z","timestamp":1777635365704,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642204800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT","award":["NRF-2019R1A2C2010150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1A2C2010150"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT","award":["NRF-2016R1C1B2008557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2016R1C1B2008557"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Mol and Cell Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Organogenesis from tonsil-derived mesenchymal cells (TMSCs) has been reported, wherein tenogenic markers are expressed depending on the chemical stimulation during tenogenesis. However, there are insufficient studies on the mechanical strain stimulation for tenogenic cell differentiation of TMSCs, although these cells possess advantages as a cell source for generating tendinous tissue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of mechanical strain and transforming growth factor-beta 3 (TGF-\u03b23) on the tenogenic differentiation of TMSCs and evaluate the expression of tendon-related genes and extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as collagen.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>mRNA expression of tenogenic genes was significantly higher when the mechanical strain was applied than under static conditions. Moreover, mRNA expression of tenogenic genes was significantly higher with TGF-\u03b23 treatment than without. mRNA expression of osteogenic and chondrogenic genes was not significantly different among different mechanical strain intensities. In cells without TGF-\u03b23 treatment, double-stranded DNA concentration decreased, while the amount of normalized collagen increased as the intensity of mechanical strain increased.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Mechanical strain and TGF-\u03b23 have significant effects on TMSC differentiation into tenocytes. Mechanical strain stimulates the differentiation of TMSCs, particularly into tenocytes, and cell differentiation, rather than proliferation. However, a combination of these two did not have a synergistic effect on differentiation. In other words, mechanical loading did not stimulate the differentiation of TMSCs with TGF-\u03b23 supplementation. The effect of mechanical loading with TGF-\u03b23 treatment on TMSC differentiation can be manipulated according to the differentiation stage of TMSCs. Moreover, TMSCs have the potential to be used for cell banking, and compared to other mesenchymal stem cells, they can be procured from patients via less invasive procedures.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12860-021-00400-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T13:02:27Z","timestamp":1642251747000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Influence of mechanical and TGF-\u03b23 stimulation on the tenogenic differentiation of tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jaeyeon","family":"Wee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyang","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang-Jin","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taeyong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4971-5544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Yeol","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"400_CR1","first-page":"238","volume":"10","author":"JF Kaux","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kaux JF, Forthomme B, Goff CL, Crielaard JM, Croisier JL. Current opinions on tendinopathy. J Sports Sci Med. 2011;10(2):238\u201353.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"400_CR2","first-page":"187","volume":"87","author":"P Sharma","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sharma P, Maffulli N. Tendon injury and tendinopathy: healing and repair. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87(1):187\u2013202.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"400_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-014-0026-2","volume":"18","author":"B Zhou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhou B, Zhou Y, Tang K. An overview of structure, mechanical properties, and treatment for age-related tendinopathy. J Nutr Health Aging. 2014;18(4):441\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12603-014-0026-2.","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"issue":"8","key":"400_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2008.0794","volume":"29","author":"F Hahn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hahn F, Meyer P, Maiwald C, Zanetti M, Vienne P. Treatment of chronic achilles tendinopathy and ruptures with flexor hallucis tendon transfer: clinical outcome and MRI findings. Foot Ankle Int. 2008;29(8):794\u2013802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3113\/FAI.2008.0794.","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"400_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3113\/JSOA.2015.0075","volume":"24","author":"JM Deese","year":"2015","unstructured":"Deese JM, Gratto-Cox G, Clements FD, Brown K. Achilles allograft reconstruction for chronic achilles tendinopathy. J Surg Orthop Adv. 2015;24(1):75\u20138.","journal-title":"J Surg Orthop Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"400_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldp013","volume":"90","author":"A Khanna","year":"2009","unstructured":"Khanna A, Friel M, Gougoulias N, Longo UG, Maffulli N. Prevention of adhesions in surgery of the flexor tendons of the hand: what is the evidence? Br Med Bull. 2009;90(1):85\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bmb\/ldp013.","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"400_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2005-0342","volume":"24","author":"S Kern","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kern S, Eichler H, Stoeve J, Kluter H, Bieback K. Comparative analysis of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, or adipose tissue. Stem Cells. 2006;24(5):1294\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1634\/stemcells.2005-0342.","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"issue":"3","key":"400_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017531","volume":"6","author":"JY Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee JY, Zhou Z, Taub PJ, Ramcharan M, Li Y, Akinbiyi T, et al. BMP-12 treatment of adult mesenchymal stem cells in vitro augments tendon-like tissue formation and defect repair in vivo. PLoS One. 2011;6(3):e17531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0017531.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"400_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2004.02.012","volume":"22","author":"MT Harris","year":"2004","unstructured":"Harris MT, Butler DL, Boivin GP, Florer JB, Schantz EJ, Wenstrup RJ. Mesenchymal stem cells used for rabbit tendon repair can form ectopic bone and express alkaline phosphatase activity in constructs. J Orthop Res. 2004;22(5):998\u20131003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.orthres.2004.02.012.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"400_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-013-1574-1","volume":"352","author":"O Raabe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Raabe O, Shell K, Fietz D, Freitag C, Ohrndorf A, Christ HJ, et al. Tenogenic differentiation of equine adipose-tissue-derived stem cells under the influence of tensile strain, growth differentiation factors and various oxygen tensions. Cell Tissue Res. 2013;352(3):509\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00441-013-1574-1.","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"400_CR11","first-page":"165","volume":"7","author":"G Song","year":"2010","unstructured":"Song G, Luo Q, Xu B, Ju Y. Mechanical stretch-induced changes in cell morphology and mRNA expression of tendon\/ligament-associated genes in rat bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Cell Biomech. 2010;7(3):165\u201374.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biomech"},{"issue":"7","key":"400_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.10094","volume":"37","author":"W Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang W, Deng D, Li J, Liu W. Elongated cell morphology and uniaxial mechanical stretch contribute to physical attributes of niche environment for MSC tenogenic differentiation. Cell Biol Int. 2013;37(7):755\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbin.10094.","journal-title":"Cell Biol Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"400_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1159\/000358231","volume":"198","author":"BR Gulati","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gulati BR, Kumar R, Mohanty N, Kumar P, Somasundaram RK, Yadav PS. Bone morphogenetic protein-12 induces tenogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from equine amniotic fluid. Cells Tissues Organs. 2013;198(5):377\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000358231.","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"issue":"11","key":"400_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-009-0782-4","volume":"17","author":"H Koga","year":"2009","unstructured":"Koga H, Engebretsen L, Brinchmann JE, Muneta T, Sekiya I. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy for cartilage repair: a review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009;17(11):1289\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-009-0782-4.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"10","key":"400_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.3058","volume":"37","author":"SY Oh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oh SY, Choi YM, Kim HY, Park YS, Jung SC, Park JW, et al. Application of tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells in tissue regeneration: concise review. Stem Cells. 2019;37(10):1252\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/stem.3058.","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"issue":"2","key":"400_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-016-9134-x","volume":"13","author":"Y Yu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yu Y, Lee SY, Yang EJ, Kim HY, Jo I, Shin SJ. Expression of tenocyte lineage-related factors from tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2016;13(2):162\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13770-016-9134-x.","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Regen Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"400_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.3109\/14653249.2012.706708","volume":"14","author":"KH Ryu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ryu KH, Cho KA, Park HS, Kim JY, Woo SY, Jo I, et al. Tonsil-derived mesenchymal stromal cells: evaluation of biologic, immunologic and genetic factors for successful banking. Cytotherapy. 2012;14(10):1193\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14653249.2012.706708.","journal-title":"Cytotherapy."},{"issue":"1","key":"400_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1159\/000374055","volume":"36","author":"JS Choi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Choi JS, Lee BJ, Park HY, Song JS, Shin SC, Lee JC, et al. Effects of donor age, long-term passage culture, and cryopreservation on tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2015;36(1):85\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000374055.","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"400_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.01.081","volume":"53","author":"RH Koh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koh RH, Jin Y, Kang BJ, Hwang NS. Chondrogenically primed tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in riboflavin-induced photocrosslinking collagen-hyaluronic acid hydrogel for meniscus tissue repairs. Acta Biomater. 2017;53:318\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.01.081.","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"issue":"17","key":"400_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201500299","volume":"25","author":"J Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park J, Kim IY, Patel M, Moon HJ, Hwang SJ, Jeong B. 2D and 3D hybrid Systems for Enhancement of chondrogenic differentiation of tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Adv Funct Mater. 2015;25(17):2573\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adfm.201500299.","journal-title":"Adv Funct Mater"},{"issue":"8","key":"400_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5160","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b12324","volume":"8","author":"M Patel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patel M, Moon HJ, Ko DY, Jeong B. Composite system of graphene oxide and polypeptide thermogel as an injectable 3D scaffold for adipogenic differentiation of tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016;8(8):5160\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsami.5b12324.","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"400_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li YH, Ramcharan M, Zhou ZP, Leong DJ, Akinbiyi T, Majeska RJ, et al. The role of Scleraxis in fate determination of mesenchymal stem cells for tenocyte differentiation. Sci Rep-Uk. 2015;5(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep13149.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13149"},{"key":"400_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang JY, Wang JHC. The effects of mechanical loading on tendons - an in vivo and in vitro model study. Plos One. 2013;8(8).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071740"},{"issue":"10","key":"400_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-005-5889-2","volume":"33","author":"M Jager","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jager M, Feser T, Denck H, Krauspe R. Proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells cultured onto three different polymers in vitro. Ann Biomed Eng. 2005;33(10):1319\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-005-5889-2.","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"8","key":"400_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.10.048","volume":"29","author":"HB Fan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fan HB, Liu HF, Toh SL, Goh JCH. Enhanced differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells co-cultured with ligament fibroblasts on gelatin\/silk fibroin hybrid scaffold. Biomaterials. 2008;29(8):1017\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.10.048.","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"issue":"10","key":"400_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2013.05.004","volume":"23","author":"M Agathocleous","year":"2013","unstructured":"Agathocleous M, Harris WA. Metabolism in physiological cell proliferation and differentiation. Trends Cell Biol. 2013;23(10):484\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcb.2013.05.004.","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"400_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2007.03.008","volume":"15","author":"EG Lima","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lima EG, Bian L, Ng KW, Mauck RL, Byers BA, Tuan RS, et al. The beneficial effect of delayed compressive loading on tissue-engineered cartilage constructs cultured with TGF-beta 3. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2007;15(9):1025\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2007.03.008.","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"issue":"9","key":"400_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2896","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-010-0059-6","volume":"38","author":"SD Thorpe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thorpe SD, Buckley CT, Vinardell T, O'Brien FJ, Campbell VA, Kelly DJ. The response of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to dynamic compression following TGF-beta 3 induced Chondrogenic differentiation. Ann Biomed Eng. 2010;38(9):2896\u2013909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-010-0059-6.","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"400_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9723025","volume":"2019","author":"HY Nam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nam HY, Pingguan-Murphy B, Abbas AA, Merican AM, Kamarul T. Uniaxial cyclic tensile stretching at 8% strain exclusively promotes Tenogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Stem Cells Int. 2019;2019:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/9723025.","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"key":"400_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2017.03.001","volume":"95","author":"M Bottagisio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bottagisio M, Lopa S, Granata V, Talo G, Bazzocchi C, Moretti M, et al. Different combinations of growth factors for the tenogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in monolayer culture and in fibrin-based three-dimensional constructs. Differentiation. 2017;95:44\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diff.2017.03.001.","journal-title":"Differentiation."},{"issue":"5","key":"400_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3182a48b46","volume":"132","author":"A Kraus","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kraus A, Woon C, Raghavan S, Megerle K, Pham H, Chang J. Co-culture of human adipose-derived stem cells with tenocytes increases proliferation and induces differentiation into a tenogenic lineage. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;132(5):754e\u201366e.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1186\/s12860-022-00406-9","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000}}],"container-title":["BMC Molecular and Cell Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12860-021-00400-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12860-021-00400-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12860-021-00400-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T07:06:37Z","timestamp":1643353597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmolcellbiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12860-021-00400-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["400"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12860-021-00400-7","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1186\/s12860-022-00406-9","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2661-8850"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2661-8850","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2022","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12860-022-00406-9","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12860-022-00406-9","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Ewha Womans University Medical Center (SEUMC201907007), and written informed consent was obtained from all patients.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3"}}