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In particular, the enlarged and globular brain is the most distinctive anatomical feature of modern humans that set us apart from other extinct and extant primate species. Genetic basis of large brain size in modern humans has largely remained enigmatic. Genes associated with the pathological reduction of brain size (primary microcephaly-MCPH) have\u00a0the characteristics and functions to be\u00a0considered\u00a0ideal candidates to unravel the genetic basis of evolutionary enlargement of human brain size. For instance, the brain size of microcephaly patients is similar to the brain size of <jats:italic>Pan troglodyte<\/jats:italic> and the very early hominids like the <jats:italic>Sahelanthropus tchadensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Australopithecus afarensis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The present study investigates the molecular evolutionary history of subset of autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) genes; CEP135, ZNF335, PHC1, SASS6, CDK6, MFSD2A, CIT, and KIF14 across 48 mammalian species. Codon based substitutions site analysis\u00a0indicated  that ZNF335, SASS6, CIT, and KIF14 have experienced positive selection in eutherian evolutionary history. Estimation of divergent selection pressure revealed that almost all of the MCPH genes analyzed in the present study have maintained their functions throughout the history of placental mammals. Contrary to our expectations, human-specific adoptive evolution was not detected for any of the MCPH genes analyzed in the present study.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Based on these data it can be inferred that\u00a0protein-coding  sequence of MCPH genes might not be the sole determinant of increase in relative brain size during primate evolutionary history.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-021-01801-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T11:03:03Z","timestamp":1620039783000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Molecular evolutionary analysis of human primary microcephaly genes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Nashaiman","family":"Pervaiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongen","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4556-8129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir Ali","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1801_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5961","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao5961","volume":"4","author":"S Neubauer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neubauer S, Hublin J-J, Gunz P. 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