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Notably, in ichthyosaurs, many early parvipelvian taxa went extinct. The Middle Jurassic saw the emergence of the derived Ophthalmosauria, ultimately becoming the dominant ichthyosaurian clade by the end of the epoch. Even though this is an important period in the evolutionary history of Ophthalmosauria, our understanding remains limited in terms of morphology and taxonomy due to the scarcity of vertebrate-bearing strata. Here we present a large new ichthyosaur from the Bajocian of Switzerland, represented by an almost complete skull with 3D-preserved bones, the (inter)clavicles and a large portion of the postcranial skeleton. After CT- and surface scanning, we reconstructed the 3D in vivo morphology. Our morphological observations and phylogenetic analyses show that the new taxon named <jats:italic>Argovisaurus martafernandezi<\/jats:italic> is nested at the base of the Ophthalmosauria. The holotype and only known specimen of <jats:italic>Argovisaurus<\/jats:italic> likely represents an adult individual. Bajocian members of the Ophthalmosauria (<jats:italic>Mollesaurus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Argovisaurus<\/jats:italic>) were large-bodied animals, a trait typically associated with the more derived Platypterygiinae. This hints at the importance of a large body size early in ophthalmosaurian evolution.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>LSID<\/jats:bold>: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C3312628-1544-4B87-BBE3-B12346A30BE3<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>LSID<\/jats:bold>: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:23C2BD71-8CF0-4D99-848A-0D631518415B<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-024-02208-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]],"date-time":"2024-03-16T14:01:44Z","timestamp":1710597704000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A large new Middle Jurassic ichthyosaur shows the importance of body size evolution in the origin of the Ophthalmosauria"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Feiko","family":"Miedema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan","family":"Bastiaans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torsten M.","family":"Scheyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Klug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin E.","family":"Maxwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2208_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2014.05.005","volume":"26","author":"N Bardet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bardet N, Falconnet J, Fischer V, Houssaye A, Jouve S, Pereda Suberbiola X, et al. 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