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The early-diverging neornithischian <jats:italic>Jeholosaurus<\/jats:italic>, a small, bipedal herbivorous dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota, is an important taxon for understanding ornithischian dental evolution, but its dental morphology was only briefly described previously and its tooth replacement is poorly known.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>CT scanning of six specimens representing different ontogenetic stages of <jats:italic>Jeholosaurus<\/jats:italic> reveals significant new information regarding the dental system of <jats:italic>Jeholosaurus<\/jats:italic>, including one or two replacement teeth in nearly all alveoli, relatively complete tooth resorption, and an increase in the numbers of alveoli and replacement teeth during ontogeny. Reconstructions of Zahnreihen indicate that the replacement pattern of the maxillary dentition is similar to that of the dentary dentition but with a cyclical difference. The maxillary tooth replacement rate in <jats:italic>Jeholosaurus<\/jats:italic> is probably 46 days, which is faster than that of most other early-diverging ornithischians. During the ontogeny of <jats:italic>Jeholosaurus<\/jats:italic>, the premaxillary tooth replacement rate slows from 25 days to 33 days with similar daily dentine formation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The tooth replacement rate exhibits a decreasing trend with ontogeny, as in <jats:italic>Alligator<\/jats:italic>. In a phylogenetic context, fast tooth replacement and multi-generation replacement teeth have evolved at least twice independently in Ornithopoda, and our analyses suggest that the early-diverging members of the major ornithischian clades exhibit different tooth replacement patterns as an adaption to herbivory.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-024-02233-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T10:02:12Z","timestamp":1713261732000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Tooth replacement in the early-diverging neornithischian Jeholosaurus shangyuanensis and implications for dental evolution and herbivorous adaptation in Ornithischia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jinfeng","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fuqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fenglu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2233_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-042711-105515","volume":"42","author":"PM Barrett","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barrett PM. 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