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The avian lower jaw provides a potentially rich source of additional character data, yet fusion of the individual bony elements composing the avian post-dentary complex has impeded efforts to explore its phylogenetic signal. Here, we use high-resolution \u00b5CT-scanning to separate the individual bony elements of the mandibles of several immature crown birds and key fossil taxa, and use those data to assess support for alternative phylogenetic hypotheses for fossils near the origin of crown birds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We find that evidence from\n                      <jats:italic>Asteriornis<\/jats:italic>\n                      fails to support interpretations of derived mandibular similarities with palaeognaths, and instead strongly favours galloanseran, and specifically galliform, affinities. Our results also illustrate striking similarities in the architecture of the lower jaws between the toothed ornithurine\n                      <jats:italic>Ichthyornis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , Pelagornithidae and\n                      <jats:italic>Vegavis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which, in addition to the absence of derived features linking them to Galloanserae, highlights questions regarding the phylogenetic position of these perennially controversial taxa.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data reveal new insight into patterns of morphological evolution near the origin of the avian crown group while raising new phylogenetic questions, emphasising the potential untapped value of detailed comparative investigations of morphological complexes such as the post-dentary complex of the mandible for informing the early evolutionary history of crown birds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-025-02487-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T09:15:55Z","timestamp":1766654155000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Mandibular morphology clarifies phylogenetic relationships near the origin of crown birds"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7638-857X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abi H.","family":"Crane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4497-2058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2671-9190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3020-6803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel T.","family":"Ksepka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1786-0352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2487_CR1","unstructured":"Gill F, Donsker D. 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