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Plant collection and experimental procedures followed institutional guidelines from Gambella University and complied with national and international regulations. Fieldwork adhered to local legislation, and no protected or endangered species were collected. Sampling took place in open-access areas where plant collection for traditional use and research is legally permitted without specific licenses or permissions. Because this study did not involve human subjects, consent to participate was not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"82"}}