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The Cuba study was conducted following the ethical principles for medical research, and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Cuban Centre of Medical Genetics at the Medical University of Havana, Cuba. Each participant gave a written informed consent prior to sample collection. The Cape Verde study was approved by the Human Subjects Committees of all participant institutions and by the National Ethical Committee for Health Research of Cape Verde, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The SAGE II and GALA II studies were approved by the institutional review boards of the University of California San Francisco and all participant centres. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants or from their surrogates for participants under 18\u2009years old.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"59"}}