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Here, we conducted an integrated multi-omics-analysis to unveil the venom-transcriptomic and venomic profiles in a same group of spine-bellied sea snakes (\n                      <jats:italic>Hydrophis curtus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) from the South China Sea, where the snake is a widespread species and might generate regionally-specific venom potentially harmful to human activities. The capacity of two heterologous antivenoms to immunocapture the\n                      <jats:italic>H. curtus<\/jats:italic>\n                      venom was determined for an in-depth evaluation of their rationality in treatment of\n                      <jats:italic>H. curtus<\/jats:italic>\n                      envenomation. In addition, a phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood was used to detect the adaptive molecular evolution of full-length toxin-coding unigenes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 90,909,384 pairs of clean reads were generated via Illumina sequencing from a pooled cDNA library of six specimens, and yielding 148,121 unigenes through de novo assembly. Sequence similarity searching harvested 63,845 valid annotations, including 63,789 non-toxin-coding and 56 toxin-coding unigenes belonging to 22 protein families. Three protein families, three-finger toxins (3-FTx), phospholipase A\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (PLA\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), and cysteine-rich secretory protein, were detected in the venom proteome. 3-FTx (27.15% in the transcriptome\/41.94% in the proteome) and PLA\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (59.71%\/49.36%) were identified as the most abundant families in the venom-gland transcriptome and venom proteome. In addition, 24 unigenes from 11 protein families were shown to have experienced positive selection in their evolutionary history, whereas four were relatively conserved throughout evolution. Commercial\n                      <jats:italic>Naja atra<\/jats:italic>\n                      antivenom exhibited a stronger capacity than\n                      <jats:italic>Bungarus multicinctus<\/jats:italic>\n                      antivenom to immunocapture\n                      <jats:italic>H. curtus<\/jats:italic>\n                      venom components, especially short neurotoxins, with the capacity of both antivenoms to immunocapture short neurotoxins being weaker than that for PLA\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      s.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our study clarified the venom-gland transcriptomic and venomic profiles along with the within-group divergence of a\n                      <jats:italic>H. curtus<\/jats:italic>\n                      population from the South China Sea. Adaptive evolution of most venom components driven by natural selection appeared to occur rapidly during evolutionary history. Notably, the utility of commercial\n                      <jats:italic>N. atra<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>B. multicinctus<\/jats:italic>\n                      antivenoms against\n                      <jats:italic>H. curtus<\/jats:italic>\n                      toxins was not comprehensive; thus, the development of species-specific antivenom is urgently needed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-021-07824-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T15:02:43Z","timestamp":1625756563000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Venom-gland transcriptomic, venomic, and antivenomic profiles of the spine-bellied sea snake (Hydrophis curtus) from the South China Sea"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Hong-Yan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Feng","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Xian","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long-Hui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1849-2544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-Fang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"7824_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3923\/ijzr.2007.107.131","volume":"3","author":"R Karthikeyan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Karthikeyan R, Balasubramamian T. 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