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These parasitic lice differ from each other even among congeneric species in mt karyotype, i.e. the number of minichromosomes, and the gene content and gene order in each minichromosome, which is in stark contrast to the extremely conserved single-chromosome mt genomes across most animal lineages. How fragmented mt genomes evolved is still poorly understood. We use <jats:italic>Polyplax<\/jats:italic> sucking lice as a model to investigate how tRNA gene translocation shapes the dynamic mt karyotypes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We sequenced the full mt genome of the Asian grey shrew louse, <jats:italic>Polyplax reclinata<\/jats:italic>. We then inferred the ancestral mt karyotype for <jats:italic>Polyplax<\/jats:italic> lice and compared it with the mt karyotypes of the three <jats:italic>Polyplax<\/jats:italic> species sequenced to date. We found that tRNA genes were entirely responsible for mt karyotype variation among these three species of <jats:italic>Polyplax<\/jats:italic> lice. Furthermore, tRNA gene translocation observed in <jats:italic>Polyplax<\/jats:italic> lice was only between different types of minichromosomes and towards the boundaries with the control region. A similar pattern of tRNA gene translocation can also been seen in other sucking lice with fragmented mt genomes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We conclude that inter-minichromosomal tRNA gene translocation orientated towards the boundaries with the control region is a major contributing factor to the highly dynamic mitochondrial genome organization in the parasitic lice of mammals.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-021-07859-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T11:02:51Z","timestamp":1628247771000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Frequent tRNA gene translocation towards the boundaries with control regions contributes to the highly dynamic mitochondrial genome organization of the parasitic lice of mammals"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Wen-Ge","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalun","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian-Guo","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renfu","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"7859_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao R, Kirkness EF, Barker SC. 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Animal capture protocols and procedures were approved by the animal ethics committees at Dali University (approval # DLDX-20100421-001). All collection methods were carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"598"}}