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Previous studies have suggested that gonadal fate may be affected by the brain. Identifying brain-specific molecular changes that occur during estrodiol-17\u03b2 (E\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) -induced feminization is crucial to our understanding of the molecular control of sex differentiation by the brains of fish.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, the differential transcriptomic responses of the\n                      <jats:italic>Takifugu rubripes<\/jats:italic>\n                      larvae brain were compared after E\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      treatment for 55\u2009days. Our results showed that 514 genes were differentially expressed between E\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -treated-XX (E-XX) and Control-XX (C-XX)\n                      <jats:italic>T. rubripes<\/jats:italic>\n                      , while 362 genes were differentially expressed between E\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -treated-XY (E-XY) and Control-XY (C-XY). For example, the expression of\n                      <jats:italic>cyp19a1b<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>gnrh1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>pgr<\/jats:italic>\n                      was significantly up-regulated, while\n                      <jats:italic>st, sl, tsh\u03b2, prl<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>pit-1,<\/jats:italic>\n                      which belong to the growth hormone\/prolactin family, were significantly down-regulated after E\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      treatment, in both sexes. The\n                      <jats:italic>arntl1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>bhlbe<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>nr1d2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>per1b<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>per3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>cry1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>cipc<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>ciart<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes, which are involved in the circadian rhythm, were also found to be altered. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were identified between E-XX and C-XX, were significantly enriched in neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, arachidonic acid metabolism, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and the calcium signaling pathway. The DEGs that were identified between E-XY and C-XY were significantly enriched in tyrosine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism and linoleic acid metabolism.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A number of genes and pathways were identified in the brain of E\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -treated\n                      <jats:italic>T. rubripes<\/jats:italic>\n                      larvae by RNA-seq. It provided the opportunity for further study on the possible involvement of networks in the brain-pituitary-gonadal axis in sex differentiation in\n                      <jats:italic>T. rubripes<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-021-08158-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T14:02:55Z","timestamp":1637762575000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Profile of gene expression changes during estrodiol-17\u03b2-induced feminization in the Takifugu rubripes brain"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Xufang","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jieming","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuyu","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"8158_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.8.8406","volume":"142","author":"IA Hughes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hughes IA. 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