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In the northernmost part (Pafuri) of Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa, both the common A and rare B strains clades occur. The B clade strains were reported to be dominant in Pafuri before 1991, while A clade strains occurred towards the central parts of KNP. The prevalence of B clade strains is currently much lower as only A clade strains have been isolated from 1992 onwards in KNP. In this study 319\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains were characterized with 31-loci multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA-31). B clade strains from soil (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20099) and a\n                    <jats:italic>Tragelaphus strepsiceros<\/jats:italic>\n                    carcass (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091) were further characterised by whole genome sequencing and compared to publicly available genomes. The KNP strains clustered in the B clade before 1991 into two dominant genotypes. South African strains cluster into a dominant genotype A.Br.005\/006 consisting of KNP as well as the other anthrax endemic region, Northern Cape Province (NCP), South Africa. A few A.Br.001\/002 strains from both endemic areas were also identified. Subclade A.Br.101 belonging to the A.Br.Aust94 lineage was reported in the NCP. The B-clade strains seems to be vanishing, while outbreaks in South Africa are caused mainly by the A.Br.005\/006 genotypes as well as a few minor clades such as A.Br.001\/002 and A.Br.101 present in NCP. This work confirmed the existence of the rare and vanishing B-clade strains that group in B.Br.001 branch with KrugerB and A0991 KNP strains.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-024-10631-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T14:03:05Z","timestamp":1722348185000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Bacillus anthracis in South Africa, 1975\u20132013: are some lineages vanishing?"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Kgaugelo Edward","family":"Lekota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayesha","family":"Hassim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maphuti Betty","family":"Ledwaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Glover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edgar. 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Project and ethical approval was also obtained from SANparks Scientific Services VHEH789.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"742"}}