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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) can be regulators of the processes occurring in the myometrium. In the present study, we determined the global transcriptome profile of the porcine myometrium during the peri-implantation period and the late luteal phase of the estrous cycle. In addition, we investigated for the first time the influence of PPAR\u03b3 ligands on the transcriptome profile.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The myometrium of gilts (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093) was collected on days 10\u201311 and 14\u201315 of pregnancy and on the corresponding days of the estrous cycle. The expression of PPAR\u03b3 was confirmed in the tissue. Based on the mRNA level, further studies were conducted on myometrial explants obtained from pigs at days 14\u201315 of pregnancy and the corresponding days of the estrous cycle. The tissue sections were incubated in vitro for 6\u00a0h in the presence of a PPAR\u03b3 agonist, pioglitazone (P; 10 \u00b5M), or antagonist, T0070907 (T; 1 \u00b5M). To identify the transcription profile of the myometrium, RNA-Seq was performed on the NovaSeq 6000 Illumina platform. This study identified 1082 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 609 upregulated and 473 downregulated) in the porcine myometrium on days 14\u201315 of pregnancy compared with the corresponding days of the estrous cycle. During pregnancy, we detected 6 and 80 DEGs related to PPAR\u03b3 agonist and antagonist, respectively. During the estrous cycle, we identified 4 and 17 DEGs for P and T vs. the control, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results indicate that the DEGs are involved in a number of processes, including the immune response, prostaglandin synthesis, cell differentiation and communication. In addition, the role of PPAR\u03b3 activity in regulating the expression of genes related to the immune response and hormone synthesis in the porcine myometrium has been demonstrated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-024-11083-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T03:28:23Z","timestamp":1733369303000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunomodulatory dynamics in the porcine myometrium: global transcriptome analysis, including the effects of PPAR\u03b3 ligands"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Kurzynska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Mierzejewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Golubska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan Pawel","family":"Jastrzebski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Bogacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"11083_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612043383926","volume":"10","author":"F Hertelendy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hertelendy F, Zakar T. 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Cell Biosci. 2021;11:155.","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"}],"container-title":["BMC Genomics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12864-024-11083-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12864-024-11083-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12864-024-11083-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T05:48:04Z","timestamp":1733377684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12864-024-11083-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12864-024-11083-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5036285\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2164"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2164","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Local Ethical Committee for Animal Experiments in Olsztyn. The experiment was conducted according to European legislation (EFSA, AHAW\/04\u2013027). According to the Polish Act of 15 January 2015 (Journal of Laws, 2015, item 266) and the European Parliament Act of 22 September 2010 (Directive 2010\/63\/EU) on the protection of animals used for scientific or educational purposes. The need of informed consent was waived by the Local Ethical Committee for Animal Experiments in Olsztyn. The breeder declared to determine the day of the estrous cycle of the animals, to carry out the insemination and the transport of the animals to the slaughterhouse according to the procedures routinely used by farmers. Next, the animals were sold by the breeder to a slaughterhouse for the purpose of producing meat for human consumption. The tissue samples collected were by-products of the meat production process, so no additional consent from the owner was required for their use in research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1183"}}