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We utilized whole genome sequencing (WGS) to characterize the genetic diversity of 130 clinical\n                      <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                      sl isolates collected from LB cases in the Netherlands between 1988 and 2023, the majority of which were\n                      <jats:italic>B. afzelii<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      WGS analysis revealed significant diversity, including 29 different multi-locus sequence types (MLSTs) across four genospecies. Plasmids from\n                      <jats:italic>B. garinii<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>B. bavariensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      were found to exhibit greater sequence diversity than those from\n                      <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                      sensu stricto and\n                      <jats:italic>B. afzelii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . We further characterized the\n                      <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                      membrane protein antigens OspA, OspC and DbpA for sequence diversity and correlation with LB disease state.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This large-scale genomic analysis of clinical Dutch\n                      <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                      sl isolates furthers our understanding of LB and may indicate potential coverage for LB vaccine candidates in clinical development.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-025-12357-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T08:47:23Z","timestamp":1764233243000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genomic characterization of clinical Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates in the Netherlands over a thirty-year period"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Zhenghui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan T.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Varun","family":"Raghuraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorna D.","family":"Nunez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Urvi","family":"Rajyaguru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Vrijlandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrina E.","family":"Llamera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lubomira","family":"Andrew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alje P.","family":"Van Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annaliesa S.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Liberator","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joppe W.","family":"Hovius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9814","key":"12357_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60103-7","volume":"379","author":"G Stanek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stanek G, Wormser GP, Gray J, Strle F. 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As this study used deidentified repository clinical isolates that are considered non-patient material and only used a limited selection of pseudonymized patient data that was previously collected, the Medical Ethics Committee of Amsterdam UMC has indicated it to be outside the scope of the Dutch Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (MEC decision 2024.0906). Analysis of deidentified patient data was carried out under a waiver of consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Authors who are current or former employees of Pfizer may be shareholders of Pfizer, Inc. Pfizer was involved in the study concept and design, the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, the drafting of the manuscript, and the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. J.W.H. has ongoing research collaborations with Pfizer, Inc., and collaborates, or has collaborated, with Moderna, Antigen Discovery, Inc., Bio-Rad Laboratories, Abbott, and ZEUS Scientific on other projects on Lyme borreliosis. J.W.H. has an application for a provisional patent related to\n                      Borrelia\n                      antigens pending. A.V. and A.P.V. declare no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1153"}}