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Polymerization errors may hinder the detection of low-level DNA variants such as mutations in clinical samples or DNA from minor contributors in crime scene traces with DNA from multiple individuals. Short Tandem Repeat (STR) markers are affected by both random base substitutions and stutter, i.e., products which have lost or gained repeat units. The mechanisms leading to stutter formation have not yet been fully elucidated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here, we applied an STR assay based on Unique Molecular Identifiers to study the effects of DNA polymerases with different characteristics on amplicon yield and formation of PCR errors. The levels of base substitutions were clearly connected to the fidelity of the DNA polymerases, which in turn was coupled with having an integrated 3\u2019 to 5\u2019 exonuclease domain. Stutter formation was not associated with fidelity. DNA-binding domains improve processivity, which in turn has been suggested to lower the incidence of stutter. However, no such effect was seen in the present study as a polymerase having a DNA-binding domain gave the highest stutter levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, the degree of stuttering is likely due to several different DNA polymerase characteristics affecting the stability of the ternary complex and extension kinetics. This study highlights the importance of an increased understanding of DNA polymerase function and how this can influence the quality of the sequencing results, especially when analyzing complex parts of the human genome such as STR markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-026-12985-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T02:07:09Z","timestamp":1779761229000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["DNA polymerase characteristics influence noise levels in sequencing of short tandem repeats"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4498-0813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tova","family":"Lindh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3243-3767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Sidstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7995-6328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin M.","family":"Kiesler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8019-6204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter M.","family":"Vallone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0124-6718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Hedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"12985_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2009.09.007","volume":"4","author":"R Alaeddini","year":"2009","unstructured":"Alaeddini R, Walsh SJ, Abbas A. 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This study was determined to be \u201cnot human subjects research\u201d (often referred to as research not involving human subjects) as defined in U. S. Department of Commerce Regulations, 15 CFR 27, also known as the Common Rule (45 CFR 46, Subpart A), for the Protection of Human Subjects by the NIST Research Protections Office and therefore not subject to oversight by the NIST Institutional Review Board (MML-16\u20130080). All work on human DNA performed in Sweden has been approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (2023-05921-1).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Points of view in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Certain commercial software, equipment, instruments, and materials are identified in order to specify experimental procedures as completely as possible. In no case does such identification imply a recommendation or endorsement by NIST, nor does it imply that any of the materials, instruments, or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"507"}}