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The main objective of this study was to evaluate mRNA gene expression patterns of toll-like receptors (TLRs) as correlates of immunity during latent TB infection and further infer their roles as potential diagnostic biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were analysed in a total of 64 samples collected from apparently healthy children and adolescents latently infected with tuberculosis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200932) or non-infected (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200932). Relative expression in peripheral blood of selected genes encoding TLRs (TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-6 and TLR-9) was determined with a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (<jats:italic>qRT-PCR<\/jats:italic>) using specific primers and florescent labelled probes and a comparative threshold cycle method to define fold change. Data were analysed using Graph-Pad Prism 7.01 for Windows and a <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>An increased mean fold change in the relative expression of TLR-2 and TLR-6 mRNA was observed in LTBI groups relative to non-LTBI groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u20090.05), whereas a slight fold decrease was observed for TLR-1 gene.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>An increased mRNA expression of TLR-2 and TLR-6 was observed in latently infected individuals relative to those non-infected, possibly indicating the roles these biomarkers play in sustenance of the steady state interaction between the dormant TB bacilli and host immunity.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-021-00400-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T12:08:18Z","timestamp":1611835698000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Ex vivo mRNA expression of toll-like receptors during latent tuberculosis infection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Birhan","family":"Alemnew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soren T.","family":"Hoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamrat","family":"Abebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markos","family":"Abebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Aseffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rawleigh","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liya","family":"Wassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"400_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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No. PO18\/12), Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, Ethics Review Committee (Ref. No. DRERC\/005\/09) and the National Research Ethics Review Committee (Ref. No. 3.10\/811\/05). Written informed and parental consent was sought for all participants and those aged below 18\u2009years, respectively. Additionally child assent was sought for those aged between 15 and 17\u2009years as per the Ethiopian IRB guidelines.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All authors declare no potential conflicts of interest. STH is currently a full time employee of Novo Nordisk a\/s.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9"}}