{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T21:19:02Z","timestamp":1781990342380,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634601600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007051","name":"Uppsala University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Hemodialysis (HD) patients have an increased risk of acquiring infections due to many health care contacts and may, in addition, have a suboptimal response to vaccination and a high mortality from Covid-19 infection.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In 50 HD patients (mean age 69.4\u00a0years, 62% men) administration of SARS-CoV-2BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine began in Dec 2020 and the immune response was evaluated 7\u201315\u00a0weeks after the last dose. Levels of Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG antibody against the nucleocapsid antigen (anti-N) and the Spike antigen (anti-S) and T-cell reactivity testing against the Spike protein using ELISPOT technology were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Out of 50 patients, anti-S IgG antibodies indicating a vaccine effect or previous Covid-19 infection, were detected in 37 (74%), 5 (10%) had a borderline response and 8 (16%) were negative after two doses of vaccine. T-cell responses were detected in 29 (58%). Of the 37 patients with anti-S antibodies, 25 (68%) had a measurable T-cell response. 2 (40%) out of 5 patients with borderline anti-S and 2 (25%) without anti-S had a concomitant T-cell response. Twenty-seven (54%) had both an antibody and T-cell response. IgG antibodies to anti-N indicating a previous Covid-19 disease were detected in 7 (14%) patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Most HD patients develop a B- and\/or T-cell response after vaccination against Covid-19 but approx. 20% had a limited immunological response. T-cell reactivity against Covid-19 was only present in a few of the anti-S antibody negative patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-021-00458-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T11:21:29Z","timestamp":1634642489000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Humoral and cellular response to SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in hemodialysis patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3405-3154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Melin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria K.","family":"Svensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Albinsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ola","family":"Winqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karlis","family":"Pauksens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"458_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.675573","volume":"8","author":"MGH Betjes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Betjes MGH. Uremia-associated immunological aging and severity of COVID-19 infection. Front Med. 2021;8: 675573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.675573.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"458_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12070439","volume":"12","author":"G Cohen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cohen G. Immune dysfunction in uremia 2020. Toxins. 2020;12(7):439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins12070439.","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"issue":"6","key":"458_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.09.006","volume":"98","author":"KJ Jager","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jager KJ, Kramer A, Chesnaye NC, Couchoud C, S\u00e1nchez-\u00c1lvarez JE, Garneata L, et al. Results from the ERA-EDTA Registry indicate a high mortality due to COVID-19 in dialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients across Europe. Kidney Int. 2020;98(6):1540\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2020.09.006.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"458_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020060875","volume":"32","author":"J De Meester","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Meester J, De Bacquer D, Naesens M, Meijers B, Couttenye MM, De Vriese AS, et al. Incidence, characteristics, and outcome of COVID-19 in adults on kidney replacement therapy: a regionwide registry study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;32(2):385\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2020060875.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"458_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.16028","volume":"131","author":"E Puchalska-Regli\u0144ska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Puchalska-Regli\u0144ska E, D\u0119bska-\u015alizie\u0144 A, Biedunkiewicz B, Tylicki P, Polewska K, Jagodzi\u0144ski P, et al. Extremely high mortality in COVID-19 hemodialyzed patients in before anty-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination era. The first large database from Poland. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2021;131(7\u20138):643\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20452\/pamw.16028.","journal-title":"Pol Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"458_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcab171","author":"J-S Yen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yen J-S, Wang I-K, Yen T-H. COVID-19 vaccination & dialysis patients: Why the variable response. QJM Int J Med. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qjmed\/hcab171.","journal-title":"QJM Int J Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"458_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03500321","volume":"16","author":"A Grupper","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grupper A, Sharon N, Finn T, Cohen R, Israel M, Agbaria A, et al. Humoral response to the Pfizer BNT162b2 vaccine in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;16(7):1037\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.03500321.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"9","key":"458_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab179","volume":"36","author":"B Simon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Simon B, Rubey H, Treipl A, Gromann M, Hemedi B, Zehetmayer S, et al. Haemodialysis patients show a highly diminished antibody response after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination compared to healthy controls. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2021;36(9):1709\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfab179.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"4","key":"458_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.07.005","volume":"100","author":"M Espi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Espi M, Charmetant X, Barba T, Koppe L, Pelletier C, Kalbacher E, et al. The ROMANOV study found impaired humoral and cellular immune responses to SARSCov-2 mRNA vaccine in virus unexposed patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 2021;100(4):928\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2021.07.005.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"14","key":"458_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e150175","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI150175","volume":"131","author":"A Sattler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sattler A, Schrezenmeier E, Weber UA, Potekhin A, Bachmann F, Straub-Hohenbleicher H, et al. Impaired humoral and cellular immunity after SARS-CoV2 BNT162b2 (Tozinameran) prime-boost vaccination in kidney transplant recipients. 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Humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in renal transplant versus dialysis patients: a prospective, multicenter observational study using mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2021;23: 100178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100178.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"issue":"4","key":"458_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.06.002","volume":"78","author":"JJ Broseta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Broseta JJ, Rodr\u00edguez-Espinosa D, Rodr\u00edguez N, Mosquera MM, Marcos M\u00c1, Egri N, et al. Humoral and cellular responses to mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines administered to hemodialysis patients. 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Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2021;36(9):1704\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfab193.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"}],"container-title":["BMC Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12865-021-00458-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12865-021-00458-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12865-021-00458-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T11:23:12Z","timestamp":1634642592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcimmunol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12865-021-00458-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["458"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12865-021-00458-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2172"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2172","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (dnr. 2021-00683). All study procedures were performed according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Ola Winqvist is Founder and shareholder of ABC labs. None of the other authors has any conflict of interest or competing interests to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"70"}}