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However, the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) is not clear. We examined the serum levels of soluble PD-1 in patients with RA and its relationship with RA-ILD.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Blood samples were obtained from 87 patients with RA (58 with ILD and 29 without ILD) and 45 healthy controls. Serum sPD-1 was measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. The pulmonary interstitial disease score was completed by a pulmonary physician and a radiologist through chest high-resolution computed tomography. Patients with RA-ILD were tested for lung function [e.g., forced vital capacity (FVC%), diffusing capacity of lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO%)]. Associations between ILD and various markers, including sPD-1 and confounding factors, were investigated by logistic regression analysis. Diagnostic values of sPD-1 for the presence of ILD were investigated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Serum sPD-1 levels were higher in RA patients with ILD than in RA patients without ILD and healthy controls (185.1 \u00b1 109.0\u00a0pg\/ml vs. 119.1 \u00b1 77.5\u00a0pg\/ml vs. 52.1 \u00b1 21.7\u00a0pg\/ml, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Serum sPD-1 levels were positively correlated with RF titer (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.02, r = 0.249), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody status (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.02, r = 0.243), and serum IgG levels (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001, r = 0.368), negatively associated with FVC% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.02, r = \u2212 0.344), forced expiratory volume (FEV1%) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009 = 0.01, r = \u2212 0.354), total lung capacity (TLC%) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.046, r = \u2212 0.302), and was independently associated with the presence of ILD in RA patients by multivariate logistic regression analysis. The sensitivity and specificity of sPD-1 levels for the detection of ILD in RA patients were 58.6% and 75.9%, respectively. The area under the curve was 0.689.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Serum sPD-1 levels were increased in RA patients with ILD. Increased sPD-1 may be a valuable biomarker to predict the presence of ILD in patients with RA.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-021-00460-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T20:20:01Z","timestamp":1634329201000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Soluble programmed death molecule 1 (sPD-1) as a predictor of interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lichun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuyan","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songzhao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"460_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201004-0622OC","volume":"183","author":"AL Olson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Olson AL, Swigris JJ, Sprunger DB, Fischer A, Fernandez-Perez ER, Solomon J, et al. 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