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Cytokines play important roles in facilitating the immune response and augmenting the pathogenic antibody production. The current study aims to sensitively characterize the serum levels of cytokines with very low concentration in generalized MG (gMG).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using ultrasensitive single-molecule arrays (SIMOA), we measured serum IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-12p70 in 228 participants including 152 immunotherapy-na\u00efve anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subtype gMG from Huashan MG registry and 76 age-matched healthy controls. Subgroup analysis was then performed by stratifying patients according to the onset ages, MGFA classification, disease duration at baseline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serum IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-12p70 levels were significantly elevated in gMG compared to controls (0.179\u00a0pg\/mL versus 0.011\u00a0pg\/mL,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001; 0.029\u00a0pg\/mL versus 0.018\u00a0pg\/mL,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0259; 0.215\u00a0pg\/mL versus 0.143\u00a0pg\/mL,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0007; 0.132\u00a0pg\/mL versus 0.118\u00a0pg\/mL,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0401). Subgroup analysis revealed that IL-2 levels were slightly elevated in gMG with MGFA II compared to MGFA III\/IV (0.195\u00a0pg\/mL versus 0.160\u00a0pg\/mL,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.022), as well as elevated levels of IL-2 (0.220\u00a0pg\/mL versus 0.159\u00a0pg\/mL,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0002) and IL-5 (0.251\u00a0pg\/mL versus 0.181\u00a0pg\/mL,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004) in late-onset gMG compared with the early-onset gMG. gMG patients with a long duration had a significant increased serum IL-12p70 than those with a short duration (0.163\u00a0pg\/mL versus 0.120\u00a0pg\/mL,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.011).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serum IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-12p70 levels were increased in AChR subtype gMG using ultrasensitive measurement. Serum cytokines with very low concentrations may provide as potential biomarkers in stratifying gMG patients in future prospective cohort studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-022-00501-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T16:03:05Z","timestamp":1653667385000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Increased serum IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-12p70 levels in AChR subtype generalized myasthenia gravis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Huan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huahua","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manqiqige","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhirui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianying","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chongbo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"501_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00145-3","volume":"14","author":"NE Gilhus","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gilhus NE, Verschuuren JJ. 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