{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T20:13:54Z","timestamp":1790972034416,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693267200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Immunol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fishing communities surrounding Lake Victoria in Uganda have HIV prevalence of 28% and incidence rates of 5 per 100 person years. More than 50% of the local fishermen are infected with\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). We investigated the role of\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      coinfection as a possible modifier of immune responses against HIV. Using polychromatic flow cytometry and Gran-ToxiLux assays, HIV specific responses, T cell phenotypes, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) potency and titres were compared between participants with HIV-\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      coinfection and participants with HIV infection alone.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      coinfection was associated with a modified pattern of anti-HIV responses, including lower frequency of bifunctional (IFN\u03b3\u2009+\u2009IL-2\u2009\u2212\u2009TNF-\u03b1+) CD4 T cells, higher overall CD4 T cell activation and lower HIV ADCC antibody titres, compared to participants with HIV alone.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These results support the hypothesis that\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection affects T cell and antibody responses to HIV in coinfected individuals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-023-00554-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T09:03:04Z","timestamp":1693299784000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["HIV specific Th1 responses are altered in Ugandans with HIV and Schistosoma mansoni coinfection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Andrew Ekii","family":"Obuku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline Kyosiimire","family":"Lugemwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Abaasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Joloba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Pollara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Harari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Pantaleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pontiano","family":"Kaleebu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"554_CR1","unstructured":"UNAIDS. AIDS epidemic update 2009. In.; December 2009."},{"key":"554_CR2","unstructured":"UNAIDS. : AIDS BY THE NUMBERS. In. GENEVA; 2016."},{"key":"554_CR3","volume-title":"THE GAP REPORT 2014: SEX WORKERS. In","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2014","unstructured":"UNAIDS. THE GAP REPORT 2014: SEX WORKERS. In. GENEVA: UNAIDS; 2014."},{"key":"554_CR4","unstructured":"F.A.O: The state of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006. ROME: Food and agriculture organisation of the united nations; 2007."},{"issue":"6","key":"554_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318251555d","volume":"39","author":"J Seeley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Seeley J, Nakiyingi-Miiro J, Kamali A, Mpendo J, Asiki G, Abaasa A, De Bont J, Nielsen L, Kaleebu P, Team CS. High HIV incidence and socio-behavioral risk patterns in fishing communities on the shores of Lake Victoria, Uganda. Sex Transm Dis. 2012;39(6):433\u20139.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"554_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2010.046805","volume":"87","author":"G Asiki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Asiki G, Mpendo J, Abaasa A, Agaba C, Nanvubya A, Nielsen L, Seeley J, Kaleebu P, Grosskurth H, Kamali A. HIV and syphilis prevalence and associated risk factors among fishing communities of Lake Victoria, Uganda. Sex Transm Infect. 2011;87(6):511\u20135.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"554_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120412331336698","volume":"17","author":"JA Seeley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Seeley JA, Allison EH. HIV\/AIDS in fishing communities: challenges to delivering antiretroviral therapy to vulnerable groups. AIDS Care. 2005;17(6):688\u201397.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"554_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2679.2004.00153.x","volume":"5","author":"EH Allison","year":"2004","unstructured":"Allison EH, Seeley JA. HIV and AIDS among fisherfolk: a threat to \u2018responsible fisheries\u2019? Fish Fish. 2004;5(3):215\u201334.","journal-title":"Fish Fish"},{"key":"554_CR9","unstructured":"Hotez PJ, Bundy DAP, Beegle K, Brooker S, Drake L, de Silva N, Montresor A, Engels D, Jukes M, Chitsulo L et al. Helminth Infections: Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections and Schistosomiasis. In: Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries Edited by Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, Jha P, Mills A, Musgrove P. Washington DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank Group; 2006."},{"issue":"8","key":"554_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-122-8-199504150-00003","volume":"122","author":"JW Mellors","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mellors JW, Kingsley LA, Rinaldo CR Jr, Todd JA, Hoo BS, Kokka RP, Gupta P. Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in plasma predicts outcome after seroconversion. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122(8):573\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"554_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540020027025","volume":"276","author":"TR O\u2019Brien","year":"1996","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien TR, Blattner WA, Waters D, Eyster E, Hilgartner MW, Cohen AR, Luban N, Hatzakis A, Aledort LM, Rosenberg PS, et al. Serum HIV-1 RNA levels and time to development of AIDS in the Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study. JAMA. 1996;276(2):105\u201310.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"13","key":"554_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200003303421303","volume":"342","author":"TC Quinn","year":"2000","unstructured":"Quinn TC, Wawer MJ, Sewankambo N, Serwadda D, Li C, Wabwire-Mangen F, Meehan MO, Lutalo T, Gray RH. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Rakai Project Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(13):921\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"554_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1086\/497696","volume":"192","author":"P Kallestrup","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kallestrup P, Zinyama R, Gomo E, Butterworth AE, Mudenge B, van Dam GJ, Gerstoft J, Erikstrup C, Ullum H. Schistosomiasis and HIV-1 infection in rural Zimbabwe: effect of treatment of schistosomiasis on CD4 cell count and plasma HIV-1 RNA load. J Infect Dis. 2005;192(11):1956\u201361.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"554_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-05-078154","volume":"112","author":"J Zhu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhu J, Paul WE. CD4 T cells: fates, functions, and faults. Blood. 2008;112(5):1557\u201369.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"3","key":"554_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.136.3.949","volume":"136","author":"RL Coffman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Coffman RL, Carty J. A T cell activity that enhances polyclonal IgE production and its inhibition by interferon-gamma. J Immunol. 1986;136(3):949\u201354.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"554_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.136.7.2348","volume":"136","author":"TR Mosmann","year":"1986","unstructured":"Mosmann TR, Cherwinski H, Bond MW, Giedlin MA, Coffman RL. Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J Immunol. 1986;136(7):2348\u201357.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"47\u201348","key":"554_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.06.009","volume":"24","author":"F Li","year":"2006","unstructured":"Li F, Malhotra U, Gilbert PB, Hawkins NR, Duerr AC, McElrath JM, Corey L, Self SG. Peptide selection for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 CTL-based vaccine evaluation. Vaccine. 2006;24(47\u201348):6893\u2013904.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"21","key":"554_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12071","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01261-07","volume":"81","author":"S Kannanganat","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kannanganat S, Kapogiannis BG, Ibegbu C, Chennareddi L, Goepfert P, Robinson HL, Lennox J, Amara RR. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 controllers but not noncontrollers maintain CD4 T cells coexpressing three cytokines. J Virol. 2007;81(21):12071\u20136.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"7","key":"554_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1592","volume":"13","author":"PA Darrah","year":"2007","unstructured":"Darrah PA, Patel DT, De Luca PM, Lindsay RW, Davey DF, Flynn BJ, Hoff ST, Andersen P, Reed SG, Morris SL, et al. Multifunctional TH1 cells define a correlate of vaccine-mediated protection against Leishmania major. Nat Med. 2007;13(7):843\u201350.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"554_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031598","volume":"198","author":"SA Younes","year":"2003","unstructured":"Younes SA, Yassine-Diab B, Dumont AR, Boulassel MR, Grossman Z, Routy JP, Sekaly RP. HIV-1 viremia prevents the establishment of interleukin 2-producing HIV-specific memory CD4 + T cells endowed with proliferative capacity. J Exp Med. 2003;198(12):1909\u201322.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"554_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6187","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.092129899","volume":"99","author":"N Hayashi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hayashi N, Liu D, Min B, Ben-Sasson SZ, Paul WE. Antigen challenge leads to in vivo activation and elimination of highly polarized TH1 memory T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99(9):6187\u201391.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"554_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01047","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01047-14","volume":"5","author":"WH Lin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lin WH, Pan CH, Adams RJ, Laube BL, Griffin DE. Vaccine-induced measles virus-specific T cells do not prevent infection or disease but facilitate subsequent clearance of viral RNA. MBio. 2014;5(2):e01047.","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"11","key":"554_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1263","volume":"6","author":"JD Fontenot","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fontenot JD, Rasmussen JP, Gavin MA, Rudensky AY. A function for interleukin 2 in Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells. Nat Immunol. 2005;6(11):1142\u201351.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"554_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obuku AE, Asiki G, Abaasa A, Ssonko I, Harari A, van Dam GJ, Corstjens PL, Joloba M, Ding S, Mpendo J et al. Effect of Schistosoma mansoni infection on Innate and HIV-1-Specific T-Cell Immune responses in HIV-1-Infected Ugandan Fisher Folk. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016.","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2015.0274"},{"issue":"9","key":"554_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4926","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903771","volume":"184","author":"P Maenetje","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maenetje P, Riou C, Casazza JP, Ambrozak D, Hill B, Gray G, Koup RA, de Bruyn G, Gray CM. A steady state of CD4 + T cell memory maturation and activation is established during primary subtype C HIV-1 infection. J Immunol. 2010;184(9):4926\u201335.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"554_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-05-088435","volume":"111","author":"A Biancotto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Biancotto A, Iglehart SJ, Vanpouille C, Condack CE, Lisco A, Ruecker E, Hirsch I, Margolis LB, Grivel JC. HIV-1 induced activation of CD4 + T cells creates new targets for HIV-1 infection in human lymphoid tissue ex vivo. Blood. 2008;111(2):699\u2013704.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"554_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.4.1361","volume":"94","author":"CS Chou","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chou CS, Ramilo O, Vitetta ES. Highly purified CD25- resting T cells cannot be infected de novo with HIV-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94(4):1361\u20135.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"554_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60861-1","volume":"38","author":"JA Zack","year":"1990","unstructured":"Zack JA, Arrigo SJ, Chen IS. Control of expression and cell tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Adv Virus Res. 1990;38:125\u201346.","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"554_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00736.x","volume":"114","author":"A Kalinkovich","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kalinkovich A, Weisman Z, Greenberg Z, Nahmias J, Eitan S, Stein M, Bentwich Z. Decreased CD4 and increased CD8 counts with T cell activation is associated with chronic helminth infection. Clin Exp Immunol. 1998;114(3):414\u201321.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"554_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.2001.5040","volume":"100","author":"A Kalinkovich","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kalinkovich A, Borkow G, Weisman Z, Tsimanis A, Stein M, Bentwich Z. Increased CCR5 and CXCR4 expression in Ethiopians living in Israel: environmental and constitutive factors. Clin Immunol. 2001;100(1):107\u201317.","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"554_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6668","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.11.6668-6671.2003","volume":"71","author":"WE Secor","year":"2003","unstructured":"Secor WE, Shah A, Mwinzi PM, Ndenga BA, Watta CO, Karanja DM. Increased density of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 on the surfaces of CD4(+) T cells and monocytes of patients with Schistosoma mansoni infection. Infect Immun. 2003;71(11):6668\u201371.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"13","key":"554_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200309050-00006","volume":"17","author":"MD Hazenberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hazenberg MD, Otto SA, van Benthem BH, Roos MT, Coutinho RA, Lange JM, Hamann D, Prins M, Miedema F. Persistent immune activation in HIV-1 infection is associated with progression to AIDS. AIDS. 2003;17(13):1881\u20138.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"554_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-273","volume":"11","author":"ZL Mkhize-Kwitshana","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mkhize-Kwitshana ZL, Taylor M, Jooste P, Mabaso ML, Walzl G. The influence of different helminth infection phenotypes on immune responses against HIV in co-infected adults in South Africa. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:273.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"554_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang GH, Wu RD, Zheng HY, Zhang XL, Zhang MX, Tian RR, Liu GM, Pang W, Zheng YT. Lipopolysaccharide Increases Immune Activation and Alters T Cell Homeostasis in SHIVB\u2019WHU Chronically Infected Chinese Rhesus Macaque. Journal of immunology research 2015, 2015:202738.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/202738"},{"issue":"2","key":"554_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.2.777","volume":"159","author":"LR Brunet","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brunet LR, Finkelman FD, Cheever AW, Kopf MA, Pearce EJ. IL-4 protects against TNF-alpha-mediated cachexia and death during acute schistosomiasis. J Immunol. 1997;159(2):777\u201385.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"554_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0397","volume":"84","author":"D Onguru","year":"2011","unstructured":"Onguru D, Liang Y, Griffith Q, Nikolajczyk B, Mwinzi P, Ganley-Leal L. Human schistosomiasis is associated with endotoxemia and toll-like receptor 2- and 4-bearing B cells. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;84(2):321\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"554_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.4.753-777.2001","volume":"14","author":"SD Lawn","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lawn SD, Butera ST, Folks TM. Contribution of immune activation to the pathogenesis and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001;14(4):753\u201377. table of contents.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"554_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VIRU.0000012260.32578.72","volume":"28","author":"Y Becker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Becker Y. The changes in the T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine balance during HIV-1 infection are indicative of an allergic response to viral proteins that may be reversed by Th2 cytokine inhibitors and immune response modifiers\u2013a review and hypothesis. Virus Genes. 2004;28(1):5\u201318.","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"issue":"5169","key":"554_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8023142","volume":"265","author":"E Maggi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Maggi E, Mazzetti M, Ravina A, Annunziato F, de Carli M, Piccinni MP, Manetti R, Carbonari M, Pesce AM, del Prete G, et al. Ability of HIV to promote a TH1 to TH0 shift and to replicate preferentially in TH2 and TH0 cells. Science. 1994;265(5169):244\u20138.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"16","key":"554_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6776","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611244104","volume":"104","author":"A Saez-Cirion","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saez-Cirion A, Lacabaratz C, Lambotte O, Versmisse P, Urrutia A, Boufassa F, Barre-Sinoussi F, Delfraissy JF, Sinet M, Pancino G, et al. HIV controllers exhibit potent CD8 T cell capacity to suppress HIV infection ex vivo and peculiar cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(16):6776\u201381.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"12","key":"554_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7828","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803928","volume":"182","author":"A Saez-Cirion","year":"2009","unstructured":"Saez-Cirion A, Sinet M, Shin SY, Urrutia A, Versmisse P, Lacabaratz C, Boufassa F, Avettand-Fenoel V, Rouzioux C, Delfraissy JF, et al. Heterogeneity in HIV suppression by CD8 T cells from HIV controllers: association with gag-specific CD8 T cell responses. J Immunol. 2009;182(12):7828\u201337.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"554_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2342","volume":"13","author":"H Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen H, Ndhlovu ZM, Liu D, Porter LC, Fang JW, Darko S, Brockman MA, Miura T, Brumme ZL, Schneidewind A, et al. TCR clonotypes modulate the protective effect of HLA class I molecules in HIV-1 infection. Nat Immunol. 2012;13(7):691\u2013700.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"554_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000917","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000917","volume":"6","author":"AR Hersperger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hersperger AR, Pereyra F, Nason M, Demers K, Sheth P, Shin LY, Kovacs CM, Rodriguez B, Sieg SF, Teixeira-Johnson L, et al. Perforin expression directly ex vivo by HIV-specific CD8 T-cells is a correlate of HIV elite control. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(5):e1000917.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"6","key":"554_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.10.010","volume":"29","author":"SA Migueles","year":"2008","unstructured":"Migueles SA, Osborne CM, Royce C, Compton AA, Joshi RP, Weeks KA, Rood JE, Berkley AM, Sacha JB, Cogliano-Shutta NA, et al. Lytic granule loading of CD8 + T cells is required for HIV-infected cell elimination associated with immune control. Immunity. 2008;29(6):1009\u201321.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"8","key":"554_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5119","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.8.5119","volume":"174","author":"MD McElroy","year":"2005","unstructured":"McElroy MD, Elrefaei M, Jones N, Ssali F, Mugyenyi P, Barugahare B, Cao H. Coinfection with Schistosoma mansoni is Associated with decreased HIV-Specific Cytolysis and increased IL-10 production. J Immunol. 2005;174(8):5119\u201323.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"554_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tumwine CA-O, Aggleton PA-O, Bell SA-O. Accessing HIV treatment and care services in fishing communities around Lake Victoria in Uganda: mobility and transport challenges. Afr J AIDS Reseach 2019(1727\u20139445 (Electronic)).","DOI":"10.2989\/16085906.2019.1648306"}],"container-title":["BMC Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12865-023-00554-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12865-023-00554-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12865-023-00554-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T10:20:08Z","timestamp":1700562008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcimmunol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12865-023-00554-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12865-023-00554-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2163560\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2172"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2172","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 October 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Institutional Research Ethics Committee of the Uganda Virus Research Institute and the Uganda National Council of Science and Technology approved the study. All participants provided informed written consent.All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"25"}}