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This study aimed to determine the relationship between systemic inflammation and lung cavitation in drug-resistant TB patients with and without HIV co-infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Plasma samples were obtained from 128 participants from the CAPRISA 020\n                      <jats:underline>Ind<\/jats:underline>\n                      ividualized M(\n                      <jats:underline>X<\/jats:underline>\n                      )drug-resistant TB Treatment Strategy Study (InDEX) prior to treatment initiation. Lung cavitation was present in 61 of the 128 drug-resistant TB patients with 93 being co-infected with HIV. The plasma cytokine and chemokine levels were measured using the 27-Plex Human Cytokine immunoassay. Modified Poisson regression models were used to determine the association between plasma cytokine\/chemokine expression and lung cavitation in individuals with drug-resistant TB.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher Interleukin-6 plasma levels (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 1.405, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.079\u20131.829, p\u2009=\u20090.011) were associated with a higher risk of lung cavitation in the multivariable model adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, HIV status, smoking and previous history of TB. Smoking was associated with an increased risk of lung cavitation (aRR 1.784, 95% CI 1.167\u20132.729, p\u2009=\u20090.008). An HIV positive status and a higher body mass index, were associated with reduced risk of lung cavitation (aRR 0.537, 95% CI 0.371\u20130.775, p\u2009=\u20090.001 and aRR 0.927, 95% CI 0.874\u20130.983, p\u2009=\u20090.012 respectively).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High plasma interleukin-6 levels are associated with an increased risk of cavitary TB highlighting the role of interleukin-6 in the immunopathology of drug-resistant TB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-023-00563-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T04:17:57Z","timestamp":1693801077000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Higher plasma interleukin \u2212\u20096 levels are associated with lung cavitation in drug-resistant tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Thando Glory","family":"Maseko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slindile","family":"Ngubane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marothi","family":"Letsoalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santhuri","family":"Rambaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derseree","family":"Archary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Samsunder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubeshan","family":"Perumal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surie","family":"Chinappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nesri","family":"Padayatchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kogieleum","family":"Naidoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Sivro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"563_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urbanowski ME, Ordonez AA, Ruiz-Bedoya CA, Jain SK, Bishai WR. 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This sub-study was approved by the University of KwaZulu-Natal Biomedical Research Ethics Committee (BREC\/00002197\/2020). All the experiments were performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. All study participants provided written informed consent for the use of stored biological specimens.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"26"}}