{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:00:49Z","timestamp":1791464449783,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Applied Basic Research Program of the Liaoning Provincial Science and Technology Department","award":["No. 2022020247-JH2\/1013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2022020247-JH2\/1013"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Bureau of the 10th Division of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Beitun City","award":["No. 2022-179-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2022-179-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Immunol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-025-00708-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T01:37:48Z","timestamp":1743989868000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prediction of Seronegative Hashimoto's thyroiditis using machine learning models based on ultrasound radiomics: a multicenter study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengsheng","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yihan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyou","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingming","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengshuai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingai","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liying","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanli","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiali","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huimei","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijie","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianchun","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuoxin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"708_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-108-1-26","volume":"108","author":"JR Baker Jr","year":"1988","unstructured":"Baker JR Jr, Saunders NB, Wartofsky L, Tseng YC, Burman KD. Seronegative Hashimoto thyroiditis with thyroid autoantibody production localized to the thyroid. Ann Intern Med. 1988;108(1):26\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-108-1-26.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"708_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01249-x","volume":"43","author":"L Croce","year":"2020","unstructured":"Croce L, De Martinis L, Pinto S, Coperchini F, Dito G, Bendotti G, et al. Compared with classic Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis, chronic autoimmune serum-negative thyroiditis requires a lower substitution dose of L-thyroxine to correct hypothyroidism. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(11):1631\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01249-x.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest."},{"issue":"7","key":"708_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347031","volume":"26","author":"P Vitti","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vitti P, Rago T. Thyroid ultrasound as a predicator of thyroid disease. J Endocrinol Invest. 2003;26(7):686\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03347031.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest."},{"issue":"11","key":"708_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.32.11.1979","volume":"32","author":"A Willms","year":"2013","unstructured":"Willms A, Bieler D, Wieler H, Willms D, Kaiser KP, Schwab R. Correlation between sonography and antibody activity in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis. J Ultrasound Med. 2013;32(11):1979\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7863\/ultra.32.11.1979.","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"708_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-014-0083-8","volume":"37","author":"M Rotondi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rotondi M, Coperchini F, Magri F, Chiovato L. Serum-negative autoimmune thyroiditis: what\u2019s in a name? J Endocrinol Invest. 2014;37(6):589\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-014-0083-8.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest."},{"key":"708_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105458","volume":"145","author":"M Shehab","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shehab M, Abualigah L, Shambour Q, Abu-Hashem MA, Shambour MKY, Alsalibi AI, Gandomi AH. Machine learning in medical applications: A review of state-of-the-art methods. Comput Biol Med. 2022;145:105458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105458.","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"708_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-024-03889-y","volume":"86","author":"C Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao C, Sun Z, Yu Y, Lou Y, Liu L, Li G, et al. A machine learning-based diagnosis modeling of IgG4 Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis. Endocrine. 2024;86(2):672\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-024-03889-y.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"8","key":"708_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1901214","volume":"381","author":"HB Burch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burch HB. Drug Effects on the Thyroid. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(8):749\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1901214.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"708_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2016.01.010","volume":"6","author":"SE Fogh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fogh SE, Pope CH, Rosenthal SA, Conway PD, Hulick PR, Johnson JL, et al. American College of Radiology (ACR) Radiation Oncology Practice Accreditation: A pattern of change. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2016;6(5):e171\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prro.2016.01.010.","journal-title":"Pract Radiat Oncol."},{"issue":"6","key":"708_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101367","volume":"33","author":"F Ragusa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ragusa F, Fallahi P, Elia G, Gonnella D, Paparo SR, Giusti C, et al. Hashimotos\u2019 thyroiditis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic and therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;33(6):101367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101367.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"708_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3136625","volume":"50","author":"L Jundong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jundong L, Kewei C, Suhang W, Fred M, Robert PT, Jiliang T, et al. Feature selection: a data perspective. ACM Comput Surv. 2017;50(6):1\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3136625.","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"key":"708_CR12","first-page":"2579","volume":"9","author":"G Hinton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hinton G, Van Der Maaten L. Visualizing data using t-sne journal of machine learning research. J Machine Learn Res. 2008;9:2579\u2013605.","journal-title":"J Machine Learn Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"708_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0147","volume":"171","author":"M Rotondi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rotondi M, de Martinis L, Coperchini F, Pignatti P, Pirali B, Ghilotti S, et al. Serum negative autoimmune thyroiditis displays a milder clinical picture compared with classic Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;171(1):31\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-14-0147.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"2","key":"708_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2978","volume":"98","author":"B Jankovic","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jankovic B, Le KT, Hershman JM. Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis and Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Is There a Correlation? J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2013;98(2):474\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2012-2978.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabol."},{"issue":"10","key":"708_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/bf03343925","volume":"24","author":"T Rago","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rago T, Chiovato L, Grasso L, Pinchera A, Vitti P. Thyroid ultrasonography as a tool for detecting thyroid autoimmune diseases and predicting thyroid dsfunction in apparently healthy subjects. J Endocrinol Invest. 2001;24(10):763\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf03343925.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest."},{"issue":"4","key":"708_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02255","volume":"155","author":"P Vejbjerg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vejbjerg P, Knudsen N, Perrild H, Laurberg P, Pedersen IB, Rasmussen LB, et al. The association between hypoechogenicity or irregular echo pattern at thyroid ultrasonography and thyroid function in the general population. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006;155(4):547\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje.1.02255.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"1","key":"708_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03510-z","volume":"22","author":"D Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu D, Sui L, Zhang C, Xiong J, Wang VY, Zhou Y, et al. The clinical value of artificial intelligence in assisting junior radiologists in thyroid ultrasound: a multicenter prospective study from real clinical practice. BMC Med. 2024;22(1):293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-024-03510-z.","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"708_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e458","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(24)00085-2","volume":"6","author":"J Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang J, Zheng N, Wan H, Yao Q, Jia S, Zhang X, et al. Deep learning models for thyroid nodules diagnosis of fine-needle aspiration biopsy: a retrospective, prospective, multicentre study in China. Lancet Dig Health. 2024;6(7):e458\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2589-7500(24)00085-2.","journal-title":"Lancet Dig Health."},{"issue":"2","key":"708_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-10132-1","volume":"34","author":"T Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou T, Xu L, Shi J, Zhang Y, Lin X, Wang Y, et al. US of thyroid nodules: can AI-assisted diagnostic system compete with fine needle aspiration? Eur Radiol. 2024;34(2):1324\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-023-10132-1.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"708_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab870","volume":"107","author":"W Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao W, Kang Q, Qian F, Li K, Zhu J, Ma B. Convolutional Neural Network-Based Computer-Assisted Diagnosis of Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis on Ultrasound. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(4):953\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgab870.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"708_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31449-3","volume":"13","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Zhang S, Pan Y, Sun L, Li J, Qiao Y, et al. Deep learning to diagnose Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis from sonographic images. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):3759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-31449-3.","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"708_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42765-z","volume":"13","author":"Y Iwamoto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Iwamoto Y, Kimura T, Itoh T, Mori S, Sasaki T, Sugisaki T, et al. Structural and functional differences in auto-antibody positive compared to auto-antibody negative hypothyroid patients with chronic thyroiditis. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):15542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-42765-z.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"708_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77552-7","volume":"10","author":"TA Hirose","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hirose TA, Arimura H, Ninomiya K, Yoshitake T, Fukunaga JI, Shioyama Y. Radiomic prediction of radiation pneumonitis on pretreatment planning computed tomography images prior to lung cancer stereotactic body radiation therapy. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):20424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-77552-7.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"708_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2007.907328","volume":"27","author":"EK Kollorz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kollorz EK, Hahn DA, Linke R, Goecke TW, Hornegger J, Kuwert T. Quantification of thyroid volume using 3-D ultrasound imaging. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2008;27(4):457\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMI.2007.907328.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging."},{"issue":"7","key":"708_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4760","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-021-08533-1","volume":"32","author":"S Cai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cai S, Chen Y, Zhao S, He D, Li Y, Xiong N, et al. Dynamic 3D radiomics analysis using artificial intelligence to assess the stage of COVID-19 on CT images. Eur Radiol. 2022;32(7):4760\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-021-08533-1.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"708_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.2741\/4437","volume":"21","author":"G Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu G, Zou D, Cai H, Liu Y. Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2016;21(5):1006\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2741\/4437.","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)."},{"issue":"1","key":"708_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7749","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11506-z","volume":"12","author":"T Tiyarattanachai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tiyarattanachai T, Apiparakoon T, Marukatat S, Sukcharoen S, Yimsawad S, Chaichuen O, et al. The feasibility to use artificial intelligence to aid detecting focal liver lesions in real-time ultrasound: a preliminary study based on videos. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):7749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-11506-z.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."}],"container-title":["BMC Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12865-025-00708-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12865-025-00708-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12865-025-00708-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T01:38:01Z","timestamp":1743989881000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcimmunol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12865-025-00708-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["708"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12865-025-00708-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2172"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2172","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Liaoning Provincial People's Hospital (Ethics No. [2023] H013).Written informed consent was obtained from all patients after an explanation of the study procedures. This study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (CTR2400092179; 12 November 2024).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"This study does not contain any identifiable patient data or images requiring consent for publication. All authors have reviewed and approved the final manuscript and agree to its submission to the journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"27"}}