{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:16:33Z","timestamp":1789398993792,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":67,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Immunol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-026-00856-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T03:12:43Z","timestamp":1780542763000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Early diagnostic value of serum procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, white blood cell count and the neutrophil percentage in bacterial and fungal bloodstream infections"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Shihui","family":"Zhai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunhua","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"856_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62533-7","volume":"10","author":"SP Costa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Costa SP, Dias NM, Melo LDR, et al. A novel flow cytometry assay based on bacteriophage-derived proteins for Staphylococcus detection in blood. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):6260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-62533-7.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"13","key":"856_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.13836","volume":"318","author":"C Rhee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rhee C, Dantes R, Epstein L, et al. Incidence and Trends of Sepsis in US Hospitals Using Clinical vs Claims Data, 2009\u20132014. JAMA. 2017;318(13):1241\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2017.13836.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"856_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00002-14","volume":"27","author":"KB Laupland","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laupland KB, Church DL. Population-based epidemiology and microbiology of community-onset bloodstream infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27(4):647\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.00002-14.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"856_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05950-6","volume":"46","author":"JF Timsit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Timsit JF, Rupp\u00e9 E, Barbier F, et al. Bloodstream infections in critically ill patients: an expert statement. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(2):266\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-020-05950-6.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"856_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01337-w","volume":"33","author":"Y Leibovici-Weissman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leibovici-Weissman Y, Tau N, Yahav D. Bloodstream infections in the elderly: what is the real goal? Aging Clin Exp Res. 2021;33(4):1101\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-019-01337-w.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"856_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen X, Liang M. A Meta-Analysis of Incidence of Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection with Midline Catheters and Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters. J Healthc Eng. 2022;2022(6383777). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/6383777.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6383777"},{"issue":"4","key":"856_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1373\/jalm.2018.026245","volume":"3","author":"LE Huerta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huerta LE, Rice TW. Pathologic Difference between Sepsis and Bloodstream Infections. J Appl Lab Med. 2019;3(4):654\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1373\/jalm.2018.026245.","journal-title":"J Appl Lab Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"856_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn311365-20220130-00033","volume":"40","author":"Clinical Microbiology Division of Shanghai Society of Microbiology, Shanghai Society of Laboratory Medicine Shanghai Medical Association, Shanghai Society of Critical Care Medicine Shanghai Medical Association","year":"2022","unstructured":"Clinical Microbiology Division of Shanghai Society of Microbiology, Shanghai Society of Laboratory Medicine Shanghai Medical Association, Shanghai Society of Critical Care Medicine Shanghai Medical Association. Expert consensus on clinical laboratory strategies for bloodstream infection. Chin J Infect Dis. 2022;40(8):457\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn311365-20220130-00033.","journal-title":"Chin J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"856_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02993-5","volume":"24","author":"C Pierrakos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pierrakos C, Velissaris D, Bisdorff M, et al. Biomarkers of sepsis: time for a reappraisal. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-020-02993-5.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"856_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e170","DOI":"10.1097\/hs9.0000000000000170","volume":"3","author":"I Stoma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stoma I, Karpov I, Uss A, et al. Low Levels of Procalcitonin or Presepsin Combined with Significantly Elevated C-reactive Protein May Suggest an Invasive Fungal Infection in Hematological Patients With Febrile Neutropenia. Hemasphere. 2019;3(1):e170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/hs9.0000000000000170.","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"issue":"3","key":"856_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1140296","volume":"7","author":"V Del Bono","year":"2016","unstructured":"Del Bono V, Giacobbe DR. Bloodstream infections in internal medicine. Virulence. 2016;7(3):353\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21505594.2016.1140296.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"11","key":"856_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s15006-021-9959-7","volume":"163","author":"H Horns","year":"2021","unstructured":"Horns H, Draenert R, Nistal M, [Procalcitonin]. MMW Fortschr Med. 2021;163(11):54\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15006-021-9959-7.","journal-title":"MMW Fortschr Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"856_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202004-1201OC","volume":"203","author":"E Kyriazopoulou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kyriazopoulou E, Liaskou-Antoniou L, Adamis G, et al. Procalcitonin to Reduce Long-Term Infection-associated Adverse Events in Sepsis. A Randomized Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;203(2):202\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202004-1201OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"856_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.063","volume":"95","author":"P P\u00f3voa","year":"2020","unstructured":"P\u00f3voa P, Garvik OS, Vinholt PJ, et al. C-reactive protein and albumin kinetics after antibiotic therapy in community-acquired bloodstream infection. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;95:50\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.063.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"856_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08602-4","volume":"23","author":"F Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang F, Wang H, Liu L, et al. Machine learning model for the prediction of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial bloodstream infection based on routine laboratory parameters. BMC Infect Dis. 2023;23(1):675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-023-08602-4.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"856_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2019.04.010","volume":"46","author":"JC Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin JC, Chen ZH, Chen XD. Elevated serum procalcitonin predicts Gram-negative bloodstream infections in patients with burns. Burns. 2020;46(1):182\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.burns.2019.04.010.","journal-title":"Burns"},{"issue":"16","key":"856_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.11816\/cn.ni.2022-216319","volume":"32","author":"X Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu X, Chen H, Zhu W, et al. Clinical value of serum PCT, CRP and neutrophil percentage in assisting the diagnosis of bloodstream infections. Chin J Nosocomiology. 2022;32(16):2416\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11816\/cn.ni.2022-216319.","journal-title":"Chin J Nosocomiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"856_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.11816\/cn.ni.2022-210714","volume":"32","author":"D Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen D, Zheng H, Liu S, et al. Study on inflammatory factors in sepsis patients caused by different bacterial infections. Chin J Nosocomiology. 2022;32(3):351\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11816\/cn.ni.2022-210714.","journal-title":"Chin J Nosocomiology"},{"key":"856_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117863372110269","DOI":"10.1177\/11786337211026927","volume":"14","author":"FC Kotey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kotey FC, Dayie NT, Tetteh-Uarcoo PB, Donkor ES. Candida Bloodstream Infections: Changes in Epidemiology and Increase in Drug Resistance. Infect Dis (Auckl). 2021;14:11786337211026927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11786337211026927.","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Auckl)"},{"issue":"2","key":"856_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.16718\/j.1009-7708.2019.02.017","volume":"19","author":"M Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou M, Yang Q, Yu S, Xu Y. Updates on the epidemiology of bloodstream infection. Chin J Infect Chemother. 2019;19(2):212\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16718\/j.1009-7708.2019.02.017.","journal-title":"Chin J Infect Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"856_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2720-2","volume":"24","author":"PM Honore","year":"2020","unstructured":"Honore PM, David C, Attou R, et al. Biomarkers to delineate bacteremia from candidemia remain a challenging issue. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-019-2720-2.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"856_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dobi\u00e1\u0161 R, K\u00e1\u0148ov\u00e1 M, Petejov\u00e1 N, et al. Combined Use of Presepsin and (1,3)-\u03b2-D-glucan as Biomarkers for Diagnosing Candida Sepsis and Monitoring the Effectiveness of Treatment in Critically Ill Patients. J Fungi (Basel). 2022;8(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof8030308.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8030308"},{"key":"856_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.105428","volume":"193","author":"TA Wolf","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wolf TA, Wimalawansa SJ, Razzaque MS. Procalcitonin as a biomarker for critically ill patients with sepsis: Effects of vitamin D supplementation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2019;193:105428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.105428.","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"856_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfad007","volume":"8","author":"AB Chambliss","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chambliss AB, Patel K, Col\u00f3n-Franco JM, et al. AACC Guidance Document on the Clinical Use of Procalcitonin. J Appl Lab Med. 2023;8(3):598\u2013634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jalm\/jfad007.","journal-title":"J Appl Lab Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"856_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-9455.2022.12.034","volume":"19","author":"C Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang C, Liu J, Chen F, et al. Evaluation of the performance of homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay for the detection of calcitoninogen. Lab Med Clin. 2022;19(12):1708\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1672-9455.2022.12.034.","journal-title":"Lab Med Clin"},{"issue":"3","key":"856_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2022.115887","volume":"105","author":"G Gavazzi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gavazzi G, Meyrignac L, Zerhouni N, et al. Intrinsic values of procalcitonin in bacterial bloodstream infections in people aged 75 years and over: a retrospective study. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2023;105(3):115887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2022.115887.","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"856_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-017-1627-7","volume":"12","author":"F Pieralli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pieralli F, Corbo L, Torrigiani A, et al. Usefulness of procalcitonin in differentiating Candida and bacterial blood stream infections in critically ill septic patients outside the intensive care unit. Intern Emerg Med. 2017;12(5):629\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11739-017-1627-7.","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"856_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e596","DOI":"10.1097\/mph.0000000000001935","volume":"43","author":"S Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen S, Liu S, Yuan X, et al. Evaluation of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Patients With Bloodstream Infection. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2021;43(4):e596\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mph.0000000000001935.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"856_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-021-06782-w","volume":"30","author":"JP Jabbour","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jabbour JP, Ciotti G, Maestrini G, et al. Utility of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as predictors of Gram-negative bacteremia in febrile hematological outpatients. Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(5):4303\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00520-021-06782-w.","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"856_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tsangaris I, Antonakos N, Fantoni M et al. Biomarkers: Can they Really Guide our Daily Practice? Shock, 2023, 59(3S Suppl 1):16\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/shk.0000000000001957","DOI":"10.1097\/shk.0000000000001957"},{"issue":"3","key":"856_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1674-2397.2017.03.006","volume":"10","author":"L Du","year":"2017","unstructured":"Du L, Yang Z, Xu X. Various infected markers in early diagnosis of blood bacterial infections. Chin J Clin Infect Dis. 2017;10(3):194\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1674-2397.2017.03.006.","journal-title":"Chin J Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"856_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1006-5725.2021.01.020","volume":"37","author":"Q Miao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miao Q, Xu X, Wei B, et al. The value of inflammatory indicators combined with (1,3)\u2043\u03b2\u2043D glucan in the early differential diagnosis of fungal and bacterial bloodstream infections. J Practical Med. 2021;37(1):96\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1006-5725.2021.01.020.","journal-title":"J Practical Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"856_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3870","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-20-1777","volume":"9","author":"Z Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Z, Xiao Y, Zhang L. Application of procalcitonin, white blood cell count and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus with a bacterial infection. Ann Palliat Med. 2020;9(6):3870\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/apm-20-1777.","journal-title":"Ann Palliat Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"856_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-9455.2019.17.045","volume":"16","author":"Y Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu Y, Shen H, Hou M. Analysis of the results of PCT, WBC, N%, and hs-CRP in elderly patients with bacterial infection. Lab Med Clin. 2019;16(17):2557\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1672-9455.2019.17.045.","journal-title":"Lab Med Clin"},{"issue":"8","key":"856_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.13461\/j.cnki.cja.007378","volume":"47","author":"J Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu J, Cai X, Huang L. Comparative analysis and combined application evaluation of several inflammatory indices in the prediction and diagnosis of bacterial bloodstream infection. Chin J Antibiot. 2022;47(8):849\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13461\/j.cnki.cja.007378.","journal-title":"Chin J Antibiot"},{"issue":"11","key":"856_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-017-0622-8","volume":"34","author":"J Rello","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rello J, Valenzuela-S\u00e1nchez F, Ruiz-Rodriguez M, Moyano S, Sepsis. A Review of Advances in Management. Adv Ther. 2017;34(11):2393\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12325-017-0622-8.","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"856_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang Y, La M, Sun J et al. Diagnostic Value and Prognostic Significance of Procalcitonin Combined with C-Reactive Protein in Patients with Bacterial Bloodstream Infection. Comput Math Methods Med, 2022, 2022:6989229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/6989229","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6989229"},{"key":"856_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ikeda T, Kamohara H, Suda S, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Endotoxin Activity Level and Various Biomarkers for Infection and Outcome of ICU-Admitted Patients. Biomedicines. 2019;7(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines7030047.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines7030047"},{"issue":"2","key":"856_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.10.031","volume":"26","author":"WV Kern","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kern WV, Rieg S. Burden of bacterial bloodstream infection-a brief update on epidemiology and significance of multidrug-resistant pathogens. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(2):151\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.10.031.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"856_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1674-2397.2023.01.005","volume":"16","author":"Y Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen Y, Ji J, Liu Z, et al. BRICS report of 2021: The distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical bacterial isolates from blood stream infections in China. Chin J Clin Infect Dis. 2023;16(1):33\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1674-2397.2023.01.005.","journal-title":"Chin J Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12865-026-00856-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12865-026-00856-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12865-026-00856-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T11:04:35Z","timestamp":1786359875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12865-026-00856-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["856"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12865-026-00856-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2172"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2172","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committees of Yichang Central People\u2019s Hospital, Hubei, China. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations of involved institutions. Informed consent was obtained from volunteer students and patients when specimens were collected.\n                      Clinical trial number\n                      : not applicable.\n                      Ethics approval reference number\n                      : Approval No. 2022-097-01.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable in the declarations section.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"74"}}