{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T03:08:55Z","timestamp":1788836935842,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":78,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Immunol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-026-00870-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T13:34:19Z","timestamp":1782135259000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical and immunological factors associated with gastrointestinal involvement in common variable immunodeficiency: a real-world study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Emrah","family":"Harman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatih","family":"\u00c7\u00f6lkesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Emin","family":"Gerek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferhat","family":"Sa\u011fun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Se\u00e7im","family":"Kolak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u015e\u00fckran Aslan","family":"Sava\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0130smail","family":"Yi\u011fitd\u00f6l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00dcmm\u00fcg\u00fcls\u00fcm Y\u0131lmaz","family":"Erg\u00fcn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u015eevket","family":"Arslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"870_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2015.07.025","volume":"4","author":"FA Bonilla","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bonilla FA, Barlan I, Chapel H, Costa-Carvalho BT, Cunningham-Rundles C, de la Morena MT, et al. International Consensus Document (ICON): Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorders. J allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4(1):38\u201359.","journal-title":"J allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"870_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20250003","DOI":"10.70962\/jhi.20250003","volume":"1","author":"MC Poli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Poli MC, Aksentijevich I, Bousfiha AA, Cunningham-Rundles C, Hambleton S, Klein C, et al. Human inborn errors of immunity: 2024 update on the classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee. J Hum Immun. 2025;1(1):e20250003.","journal-title":"J Hum Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"870_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.12.1077","volume":"134","author":"B Gathmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gathmann B, Mahlaoui N, G\u00e9rard L, Oksenhendler E, Warnatz K, Schulze I, et al. Clinical picture and treatment of 2212 patients with common variable immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(1):116\u201326.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"870_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ochs HD, Smith CE, Puck JM. Primary immunodeficiency diseases: a molecular & cellular approach. Oxford University Press; 2006.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195147742.001.0001"},{"issue":"7","key":"870_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-09-377945","volume":"119","author":"ES Resnick","year":"2012","unstructured":"Resnick ES, Moshier EL, Godbold JH, Cunningham-Rundles C. Morbidity and mortality in common variable immune deficiency over 4 decades. Blood. 2012;119(7):1650\u20137.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"870_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-014-0028-1","volume":"34","author":"KE Sullivan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sullivan KE, Puck JM, Notarangelo LD, Fuleihan R, Caulder T, Wang C, et al. USIDNET: a strategy to build a community of clinical immunologists. J Clin Immunol. 2014;34(4):428\u201335.","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"870_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.1999.4725","volume":"92","author":"C Cunningham-Rundles","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cunningham-Rundles C, Bodian C. Common variable immunodeficiency: clinical and immunological features of 248 patients. Clin Immunol (Orlando Fla). 1999;92(1):34\u201348.","journal-title":"Clin Immunol (Orlando Fla)"},{"issue":"2","key":"870_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-11-124545","volume":"112","author":"H Chapel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chapel H, Lucas M, Lee M, Bjorkander J, Webster D, Grimbacher B, et al. Common variable immunodeficiency disorders: division into distinct clinical phenotypes. Blood. 2008;112(2):277\u201386.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"870_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12728","volume":"287","author":"C Cunningham-Rundles","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cunningham-Rundles C. Common variable immune deficiency: Dissection of the variable. Immunol Rev. 2019;287(1):145\u201361.","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"870_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.329","volume":"111","author":"SF J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2016","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen SF, Reims HM, Frydenlund D, Holm K, Paulsen V, Michelsen AE, et al. A Cross-Sectional Study of the Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Pathology in Patients With Common Variable Immunodeficiency. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111(10):1467\u201375.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"870_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000140","volume":"114","author":"S Pikkarainen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pikkarainen S, Martelius T, Ristim\u00e4ki A, Siitonen S, Sepp\u00e4nen MRJ, F\u00e4rkkil\u00e4 M. A High Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Manifestations in Common Variable Immunodeficiency. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114(4):648\u201355.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"870_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209570","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1209570","volume":"14","author":"DA Sanchez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sanchez DA, Rotella K, Toribio C, Hernandez M, Cunningham-Rundles C. Characterization of infectious and non-infectious gastrointestinal disease in common variable immunodeficiency: analysis of 114 patient cohort. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1209570.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"870_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barmettler S, Ong MS, Farmer JR, Yang N, Cobbold M, Walter JE et al. Gastrointestinal manifestations in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) are associated with an altered immunophenotype including B- and T-cell dysregulation. The journal of allergy and clinical immunology In practice. 2020;8(4):1436-8.e1.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.10.024"},{"issue":"4","key":"870_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.06.018","volume":"124","author":"S Agarwal","year":"2009","unstructured":"Agarwal S, Mayer L. Pathogenesis and treatment of gastrointestinal disease in antibody deficiency syndromes. J allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124(4):658\u201364.","journal-title":"J allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"870_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-016-0491-3","volume":"18","author":"M Uzzan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Uzzan M, Ko HM, Mehandru S, Cunningham-Rundles C. Gastrointestinal disorders associated with common variable immune deficiency (CVID) and chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2016;18(4):17.","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"870_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2994","volume":"131","author":"D Detkov\u00e1","year":"2007","unstructured":"Detkov\u00e1 D, de Gracia J, Lopes-da-Silva S, Vendrell M, Alvarez A, Guarner L, et al. Common variable immunodeficiency: association between memory B cells and lung diseases. Chest. 2007;131(6):1883\u20139.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"3","key":"870_CR17","first-page":"190","volume":"93","author":"ME Conley","year":"1999","unstructured":"Conley ME, Notarangelo LD, Etzioni A. Diagnostic criteria for primary immunodeficiencies. Representing PAGID (Pan-American Group for Immunodeficiency) and ESID (European Society for Immunodeficiencies). Clinical immunology (Orlando. Fla). 1999;93(3):190\u20137.","journal-title":"Fla)"},{"issue":"6","key":"870_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.02.004","volume":"7","author":"MG Seidel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seidel MG, Kindle G, Gathmann B, Quinti I, Buckland M, van Montfrans J, et al. The European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) Registry Working Definitions for the Clinical Diagnosis of Inborn Errors of Immunity. J allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7(6):1763\u201370.","journal-title":"J allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"issue":"12","key":"870_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3180cab60c","volume":"31","author":"JA Daniels","year":"2007","unstructured":"Daniels JA, Lederman HM, Maitra A, Montgomery EA. Gastrointestinal tract pathology in patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID): a clinicopathologic study and review. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007;31(12):1800\u201312.","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"870_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.5.1544","volume":"99","author":"K Warnatz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Warnatz K, Denz A, Dr\u00e4ger R, Braun M, Groth C, Wolff-Vorbeck G, et al. Severe deficiency of switched memory B cells (CD27(+)IgM(-)IgD(-)) in subgroups of patients with common variable immunodeficiency: a new approach to classify a heterogeneous disease. Blood. 2002;99(5):1544\u201351.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"870_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2007.11.024","volume":"7","author":"BR Haymore","year":"2008","unstructured":"Haymore BR, Mikita CP, Tsokos GC. Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) presenting as an autoimmune disease: role of memory B cells. Autoimmun Rev. 2008;7(4):309\u201312.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"870_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-06-091744","volume":"111","author":"C Wehr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wehr C, Kivioja T, Schmitt C, Ferry B, Witte T, Eren E, et al. The EUROclass trial: defining subgroups in common variable immunodeficiency. Blood. 2008;111(1):77\u201385.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"870_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-025-01897-9","volume":"45","author":"UA Bargir","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bargir UA, Setia P, Desai M, Dalvi SC, Shinde A. Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorder: A Decade of Insights from a Cohort of 150 Patients in India and the Use of Machine Learning Algorithms to Predict Severity. J Clin Immunol. 2025;45(1):127.","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"870_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2849","volume":"10","author":"MR Ehrenstein","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ehrenstein MR, Notley CA. The importance of natural IgM: scavenger, protector and regulator. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10(11):778\u201386.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"870_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-023-01604-6","volume":"44","author":"LE Franzblau","year":"2023","unstructured":"Franzblau LE, Fuleihan RL, Cunningham-Rundles C, Wysocki CA. CVID-Associated Intestinal Disorders in the USIDNET Registry: An Analysis of Disease Manifestations, Functional Status, Comorbidities, and Treatment. J Clin Immunol. 2023;44(1):32.","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"870_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01982-y","volume":"13","author":"RM Berbers","year":"2025","unstructured":"Berbers RM, Paganelli FL, van Montfrans JM, Ellerbroek PM, Viveen MC, Rogers MRC, et al. Gut microbial dysbiosis, IgA, and Enterococcus in common variable immunodeficiency with immune dysregulation. Microbiome. 2025;13(1):12.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"32","key":"870_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13451","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901984106","volume":"106","author":"M Rakhmanov","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rakhmanov M, Keller B, Gutenberger S, Foerster C, Hoenig M, Driessen G, et al. Circulating CD21low B cells in common variable immunodeficiency resemble tissue homing, innate-like B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(32):13451\u20136.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5","key":"870_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4032","volume":"14","author":"U Salzer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Salzer U, Warnatz K, Peter HH. Common variable immunodeficiency: an update. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(5):223.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"870_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21376","volume":"17","author":"S Agarwal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Agarwal S, Smereka P, Harpaz N, Cunningham-Rundles C, Mayer L. Characterization of immunologic defects in patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) with intestinal disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011;17(1):251\u20139.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12865-026-00870-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12865-026-00870-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12865-026-00870-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T02:45:42Z","timestamp":1788835542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12865-026-00870-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["870"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12865-026-00870-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2172"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2172","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Medicine, Non-Interventional Drug and Medical Device Research Ethics Committee (approval number: 2026\/6426, meeting number: 238, date: 27 March 2026). This was a single-center, retrospective, observational study based solely on existing medical records, with no additional interventions or contact with participants. Therefore, the Ethics Committee waived the requirement for informed consent to participate in accordance with national regulations. All data were anonymized prior to analysis. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"83"}}