{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T13:30:30Z","timestamp":1789047030494,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":78,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"DELTAS Africa","award":["DEL-15-007: Awandare"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEL-15-007: Awandare"]}]},{"name":"China Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Immunol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-026-00872-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T03:09:16Z","timestamp":1782270556000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cytokine and chemokine signatures of steady-state sickle cell disease in African children: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Emmanuel Alote","family":"Allotey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Adedia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jones Amo","family":"Amponsah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adjoa Agyemang","family":"Boakye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustina","family":"Frimpong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jones","family":"Gyamfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elorm","family":"Ninsin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayford","family":"Offei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrietta","family":"Kwansa-Bentum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace Semabia","family":"Kpeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John K. A.","family":"Tetteh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kokou Hefoume","family":"Amegan-Aho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Wisdom","family":"Atadja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Mosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5816-5172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwabena Obeng","family":"Duedu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"872_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.12.012","volume":"189","author":"J Ansari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ansari J, Gavins FNE. Ischemia-reperfusion injury in sickle cell disease: from basics to therapeutics. Am J Pathol. 2019;189(4):706\u201318.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"872_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1104","volume":"1","author":"FB Piel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Piel FB, Patil AP, Howes RE, Nyangiri OA, Gething PW, Williams TN, et al. Global distribution of the sickle cell gene and geographical confirmation of the malaria hypothesis. Nat Commun. 2010;1:104.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"872_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6161270","volume":"2018","author":"VE Asare","year":"2018","unstructured":"Asare VE, Wilson I, Benneh-Akwasi Kuma AA, Dei-Adomakoh Y, Sey F, Olayemi E. Burden of sickle cell disease in Ghana: The Korle-Bu experience. Adv Hematol. 2018;2018:1\u20135.","journal-title":"Adv Hematol"},{"issue":"9","key":"872_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2014.120030","volume":"100","author":"S Tewari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tewari S, Brousse V, Piel FB, Menzel S, Rees DC. Environmental determinants of severity in sickle cell disease. Haematologica. 2015;100(9):1108\u201316.","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"2","key":"872_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2013.11.011","volume":"28","author":"Z Pakbaz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pakbaz Z, Wun T. Role of the hemostatic system on sickle cell disease pathophysiology and potential therapeutics. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2014;28(2):355\u201374.","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"872_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-189012","volume":"68","author":"N Conran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Conran N, Belcher JD. Inflammation in sickle cell disease. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2018;68(2\u20133):263\u201399.","journal-title":"Clin Hemorheol Microcirc"},{"issue":"4","key":"872_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00145-09","volume":"17","author":"BOP Musa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Musa BOP, Onyemelukwe GC, Hambolu JO, Mamman AI, Isa AH. Pattern of serum cytokine expression and T-cell subsets in sickle cell disease patients in vaso-occlusive crisis. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2010;17(4):602\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"872_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-016-1092-5","volume":"14","author":"SH Lim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lim SH, Fast L, Morris A. Sickle cell vaso-occlusive crisis: it\u2019s a gut feeling. J Transl Med. 2016;14(1):334.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"872_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E91","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25019","volume":"93","author":"SH Lim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lim SH, Morris A, Li K, Fitch AC, Fast L, Goldberg L, et al. Intestinal microbiome analysis revealed dysbiosis in sickle cell disease. Am J Hematol. 2018;93(4):E91\u20133.","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"6008","key":"872_CR10","first-page":"1","volume":"20","author":"S Kany","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kany S, Vollrath JT, Relja B. Cytokines in inflammatory disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(6008):1\u201331.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"872_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2019.229989","volume":"105","author":"S Allali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Allali S, Maciel TT, Hermine O, De Montalembert M. Innate immune cells, major protagonists of sickle cell disease pathophysiology. Haematologica. 2020;105(2):273\u201383.","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"872_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pathare A, Kindi AS, Daar S, Dennison D. Cytokines in sickle cell disease. Haematology. 2013;84(5):329\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10245330310001604719.","DOI":"10.1080\/10245330310001604719"},{"key":"872_CR13","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"GA Duque","year":"2014","unstructured":"Duque GA, Descoteaux A. Macrophage cytokines\u202f: involvement in immunity and infectious diseases. Front Immunol. 2014;5:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"872_CR14","first-page":"320","volume":"27","author":"I Mitroulis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mitroulis I, Alexaki IV, Kourtzelis I, Ziogas A, Hajishengallis G, Chavakis T. Leukocyte integrins role in leukocyte recruitment. Pharmacol Ther. 2015;27(3):320\u201331.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"872_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2010.026294","volume":"95","author":"V Chaar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chaar V, Picot J, Renaud O, Bartolucci P, Nzouakou R, Bachir D, et al. Aggregation of mononuclear and red blood cells through an \u03b1 4 \u03b2 1 -Lu \/ basal cell adhesion molecule interaction in sickle cell disease. Haematologica. 2010;95(11):1841\u20138.","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"1","key":"872_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-019-0145-x","volume":"8","author":"Z Mousavi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mousavi Z, Yazdani Z, Moradabadi A, Hoseinpourkasgari F, Hassanshahi G. Role of some members of chemokine\/cytokine network in the pathogenesis of thalassemia and sickle cell hemoglobinopathies: A mini review. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2019;8(1):1\u20136.","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"872_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/10245330310001604719","volume":"8","author":"A Pathare","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pathare A, Al Kindi S, Daar S, Dennison D. Cytokines in sickle cell disease. Hematology. 2003;8(5):329\u201337.","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"issue":"8","key":"872_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s002770000173","volume":"79","author":"AC Makis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Makis AC, Hatzimichael EC, Bourantas KL. The role of cytokines in sickle cell disease. Ann Hematol. 2000;79(8):407\u201313.","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"issue":"7","key":"872_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1086\/339408","volume":"185","author":"D Dodoo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dodoo D, Omer FM, Todd J, Akanmori BD, Koram KA, Riley EM. Absolute levels and ratios of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine production in vitro predict clinical immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis. 2002;185(7):971\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"November","key":"872_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"11","author":"A Frimpong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Frimpong A, Amponsah J, Adjokatseh AS, Agyemang D, Bentum-Ennin L, Ofori EA, et al. Asymptomatic malaria infection is maintained by a balanced pro- and anti-inflammatory response. Front Microbiol. 2020;11(November):1\u201312.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"872_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1086\/315214","volume":"181","author":"CA Gogos","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gogos CA, Drosou E, Bassaris HP, Skoutelis A. Pro- versus anti-inflammatory cytokine profile in patients with severe sepsis: a marker for prognosis and future therapeutic options. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(1):176\u201380.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"872_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2005.080382","volume":"92","author":"T Kilic","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kilic T, Ural D, Ural E, Yumuk Z, Agacdiken A, Sahin T, et al. Relation between proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokine ratios and long-term prognosis in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome. Heart. 2006;92(8):1041\u20136.","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"1","key":"872_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02230-3","volume":"12","author":"V Renner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Renner V, Joraschky P, Kirschbaum C, Schellong J, Petrowski K. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-10 predict therapy outcome of female patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2022;12(1):1\u20136.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"872_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2015.08.009","volume":"31","author":"PY Liang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liang PY, Diao LH, Huang CY, Lian RC, Chen X, Li GG, et al. The pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine profile in peripheral blood of women with recurrent implantation failure. Reprod Biomed Online. 2015;31(6):823\u20136.","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"issue":"2","key":"872_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-018-2471-5","volume":"23","author":"TS Miranda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miranda TS, Heluy SL, Cruz DF, da Silva HDP, Feres M, Figueiredo LC, et al. The ratios of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokines in the serum of chronic periodontitis patients with and without type 2 diabetes and\/or smoking habit. Clin Oral Invest. 2019;23(2):641\u201350.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Invest"},{"key":"872_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tosatti JAG, S\u00f3ter MO, Ferreira CN, Silva IFO, C\u00e2ndido AL, Sousa MO, Reis FM, Gomes KB. The hallmark of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine ratios in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.Cytokine. 2020;134:155187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155187.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155187"},{"key":"872_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.45.10.902","volume":"45","author":"NO Akinola","year":"1992","unstructured":"Akinola NO, Stevens SME, Franklin IM, Nash GB, Stuart J. Subclinical ischaemic episodes during the steady state of sickle cell anaemia. J Clinical Pathol. 1992;45:902\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clinical Pathol"},{"key":"872_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheesbrough M. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries Part 2. Second ed. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2006.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511543470"},{"key":"872_CR29","unstructured":"Bain BJ, Bates I, Laffan MA, Lewis SM. Dacie and Lewis Practical Haematology. Eleventh ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2012."},{"issue":"March","key":"872_CR30","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"AL Silva-Junior","year":"2021","unstructured":"Silva-Junior AL, Garcia NP, Cardoso EC, Dias S, Tarrag\u00f4 AM, Fraiji NA, et al. Immunological hallmarks of inflammatory status in vaso-occlusive crisis of sickle cell anemia patients. Front Immunol. 2021;12(March):1\u201314.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"872_CR31","volume-title":"Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences","author":"DE Hinkle","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hinkle DE, Wiersma W, Jurs SG. Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences. Houghton Mifflin; 2003."},{"issue":"3","key":"872_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-07009-1","volume":"49","author":"AE Alagbe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alagbe AE, Domingos IF, Adekile AD, Blotta MHSL, Santos MNN. Anti-inflammatory cytokines in sickle cell disease. Mol Biol Rep. 2022;49(3):2433\u201342.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"872_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2009.10.002","volume":"49","author":"K Asare","year":"2011","unstructured":"Asare K, Gee BE, Stiles JK, Wilson NO, Driss A, Quarshie A, et al. Plasma interleukin-1\u03b2(beta) concentration is associated with stroke in sickle cell disease. Cytokine. 2011;49(1):39\u201344.","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"1","key":"872_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1684\/ecn.2013.0328","volume":"24","author":"B Keikhaei","year":"2013","unstructured":"Keikhaei B, Mohseni AR, Norouzirad R, Alinejadi M, Ghanbari S, Shiravi F, et al. Altered levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in sickle cell disease patients during vaso-occlusive crises and the steady state condition. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2013;24(1):45\u201352.","journal-title":"Eur Cytokine Netw"},{"issue":"07","key":"872_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4236\/abb.2013.47A1002","volume":"04","author":"TN Pitanga","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pitanga TN, Vilas-Boas W, Cerqueira BAV, Seixas MO, Barbosa CG, Adorno EV, et al. Cytokine profiles in sickle cell anemia: pathways to be unraveled. Adv Biosci Biotechnol. 2013;04(07):6\u201312.","journal-title":"Adv Biosci Biotechnol"},{"issue":"4","key":"872_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1159\/000041049","volume":"103","author":"R Raghupathy","year":"2000","unstructured":"Raghupathy R, Haider MZ, Azizieh F, Abdelsalam R, D\u2019Souza TM, Adekile AD. Th1 and Th2 cytokine profiles in sickle cell disease. Acta Haematol. 2000;103(4):197\u2013202.","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"issue":"2","key":"872_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2017.177360","volume":"103","author":"RR Penkert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Penkert RR, Hurwitz JL, Thomas P, Rosch J, Dowdy J, Sun Y, et al. Inflammatory molecule reduction with hydroxyurea therapy in children with sickle cell anemia. Haematologica. 2018;103(2):e50\u20134.","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"11","key":"872_CR38","first-page":"619","volume":"91","author":"SC Taylor","year":"1999","unstructured":"Taylor SC, Shacks SJ, Qu Z. In vivo production of type 1 cytokines in healthy sickle cell disease patients. J Natl Med Assoc. 1999;91(11):619\u201324.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"872_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Verma ND, Boyd R, Robinson C, Plain KM, Tran GT, Hall BM. Interleukin-12p70 prolongs allograft survival by induction of interferon gamma and nitric oxide production. Transplantation. 2006;82(10):1324\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.tp.0000239519.56358.c1.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000239519.56358.c1"},{"issue":"1","key":"872_CR40","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"AA Mahmoud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahmoud AA, Awad SM, Abdallah HM, Younis FE, El-hawy MA. Evaluation of immunological role of Interferon gamma, Interleukin-10 and CD4 + T lymphocytes in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease. Al-Azhar Univ J Virus Res Stud. 2020;2(1):1\u201315.","journal-title":"Al-Azhar Univ J Virus Res Stud"},{"key":"872_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S163228","volume":"14","author":"C Antwi-boasiako","year":"2018","unstructured":"Antwi-boasiako C, Campbell AD. Low nitric oxide level is implicated in sickle cell disease and its complications in Ghana. Vasc Health Risk Manage. 2018;14:199\u2013204.","journal-title":"Vasc Health Risk Manage"},{"key":"872_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18010","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.10","volume":"4","author":"GJ Kato","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kato GJ, Piel FB, Reid CD, Gaston MH, Ohene-Frempong K, Krishnamurti L, et al. Sickle cell disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:18010.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"8","key":"872_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.01.008","volume":"44","author":"KC Wood","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wood KC, Hsu LL, Gladwin MT. Sickle cell disease vasculopathy: a state of nitric oxide resistance. Free Radical Biol Med. 2008;44(8):1506\u201328.","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"872_CR44","first-page":"609","volume":"89","author":"S Kuvibidila","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kuvibidila S, Gardner R, Ode D, Yu L, Lane G, Warrier RP. Tumor necrosis factor alpha in children with sickle cell disease in stable condition. J Natl Med Assoc. 1997;89(9):609\u201315.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"872_CR45","first-page":"415","volume":"9","author":"SC Taylor","year":"1990","unstructured":"Taylor SC, Shacks SJ, Villicana SM, Olivares J, Dinkins GA. Interferon-production in sickle-cell disease. Lymphokine Res. 1990;9(3):415\u201323.","journal-title":"Lymphokine Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"872_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1368","volume":"101","author":"Z Xing","year":"1998","unstructured":"Xing Z, Gauldie J, Cox G, Baumann H, Jordana M, Lei XF, et al. IL-6 is an antiinflammatory cytokine required for controlling local or systemic acute inflammatory responses. J Clin Invest. 1998;101(2):311\u201320.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"18","key":"872_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5060","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-08-377416","volume":"118","author":"S Gregori","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gregori S, Tomasoni D, Pacciani V, Scirpoli M, Battaglia M, Magnani CF, et al. Differentiation of type 1 T regulatory cells (Tr1) by tolerogenic DC-10 requires the IL-10-dependent ILT4\/HLA-G pathway (Blood (2010) 116, 6 (935\u2013944)). Blood. 2011;118(18):5060.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"872_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baba T, Mukaida N. Role of macrophage inflammatory protein ( MIP ) -1 \u03b1 \/ CCL3 in leukemogenesis. Mol Cell Oncol. 2014;1(1):e29899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/mco.29899.","DOI":"10.4161\/mco.29899"},{"key":"872_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7696-8_27","volume-title":"General methods in biomedical research and their applications","author":"I Bhavsar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhavsar I, Miller CS, Al-sabbagh M. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha)\/CCL3: as a biomarker. In: General methods in biomedical research and their applications. 2015. p. 223\u201349."},{"key":"872_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Minniti CP, Tolu SS, Wang K, Yan Z, Robert K, Zhang S, Crouch AS, Uehlinger J, Manwani D, Bouhassira EE. HbF levels in sickle cell disease are associated with proportion of circulating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and CC-Chemokines. Cells. 2020;9(10):2199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells9102199","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9102199"},{"issue":"4","key":"872_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2011.300","volume":"2","author":"M Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu M, Guo S, Stiles JK. The emerging role of CXCL10 in cancer. Oncol Lett. 2011;2(4):583\u20139.","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"issue":"6","key":"872_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1159\/000357780","volume":"21","author":"R Vazirinejad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vazirinejad R, Ahmadi Z, Arababadi MK, Hassanshahi G, Kennedy D. The biological functions, structure and sources of CXCL10 and its outstanding part in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis. NeuroImmunoModulation. 2014;21(6):322\u201330.","journal-title":"NeuroImmunoModulation"},{"key":"872_CR53","first-page":"121","volume":"22","author":"M Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu M, Guo S, Hibbert JM, Jain V, Singh N, Wilson NO, et al. CXCL10 \/ IP-10 in infectious diseases pathogenesis and potential therapeutic implications. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2011;22:121\u201330.","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"872_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2014.03.006","volume":"219","author":"Y-j Jeong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jeong Y-j, Kim J-h, Hong J-m, Kang JS, Kim H-r, Lee WJ, et al. Vitamin C treatment of mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells enhanced CD8 + memory T cell production capacity of these cells in vivo. Immunobiology. 2014;219(7):554\u201364.","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"872_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2019.00016","volume":"9","author":"S Mousavi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mousavi S, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM. Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effects of vitamin C. Eur J Microbiol Immunol. 2019;9(3):73\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"872_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.27954","volume":"66","author":"T Mvalo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mvalo T, Topazian HM, Kamthunzi P, Chen JS, Kambalame I, Mafunga P, et al. Real-world experience using hydroxyurea in children with sickle cell disease in Lilongwe Malawi. Pediatric Blood Cancer. 2019;66(11):1\u201315.","journal-title":"Pediatric Blood Cancer"}],"container-title":["BMC Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12865-026-00872-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12865-026-00872-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12865-026-00872-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T13:02:27Z","timestamp":1789045347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12865-026-00872-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["872"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12865-026-00872-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2172"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2172","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho with protocol reference numbers UHAS-REC A.3 [\n                      \n                      ] 18\u201319 and UHAS-REC A.12 [\n                      \n                      ] 20\u201321. Permission was sought from the Research Directorate of the Ho Teaching Hospital (HTH\/RPPME\/19\/1) and the Adaklu District Directorate of the Ghana Education Service (GES\/VR\/ADEO\/48\/VOL.1\/31).Written informed consent was obtained from parents or guardians for participants younger than 16\u00a0years. Assent was obtained from children aged 5\u00a0years and above, in accordance with ethics approval requirements. For participants aged 16\u00a0years and above, informed consent was obtained directly from the participant in addition to parental\/guardian consent where required.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"PWA has served on the advisory boards of K36 Therapeutics and CommBio Tx. All other others declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"84"}}