{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T14:02:12Z","timestamp":1782309732561,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]],"date-time":"2014-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416873600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-014-0283-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,24]],"date-time":"2014-11-24T20:04:17Z","timestamp":1416859457000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Occurrence of Clostridium difficile in seasoned hamburgers and seven processing plants in Iran"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zahra","family":"Esfandiari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Weese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Ezzatpanah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Jalali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Chamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"283_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02437-07","volume":"46","author":"H Martin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Martin H, Willey B, Low DE, Staempfli HR, McGeer A, Boerlin P, Mulvey M, Weese JS: Characterization of Clostridium difficile strains isolated from patients in Ontario, Canada, from 2004-2006. J Clin Microbiol. 2008, 46: 2999-3004. 10.1128\/JCM.02437-07.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"283_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67420-X","volume":"366","author":"M Warny","year":"2005","unstructured":"Warny M, Pepin J, Fang A, Killgore G, Thompson A, Brazier J, Frost E, McDonald LC: Toxin Production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet. 2005, 366: 1079-1084. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67420-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"283_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1303.060988","volume":"13","author":"A Rodriguez-Palacios","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Palacios A, Staempfli HR, Duffield T, Weese JS:Clostridium difficile in retail ground meat, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007, 13: 485-487. 10.3201\/eid1303.060988.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"283_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1505.081071","volume":"15","author":"JG Songer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Songer JG, Trinh HT, Killgore GE, Thompson AD, McDonald LC, Limbago BM:Clostridium difficile in retail meat products, USA, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009, 15: 819-821. 10.3201\/eid1505.081071.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"283_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5009","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00480-09","volume":"75","author":"JS Weese","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weese JS, Avery BP, Rousseau J, Reid-Smith RJ: Detection and enumeration of Clostridium difficile spores in retail beef and pork. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009, 75: 5009-5011. 10.1128\/AEM.00480-09.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"283_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4183","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00842-12","volume":"78","author":"SR Curry","year":"2012","unstructured":"Curry SR, Marsh JW, Schlackman JL, Harrison LH: Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in uncooked ground meat products from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012, 78: 4183-4186. 10.1128\/AEM.00842-12.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"283_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.12.017","volume":"157","author":"EK Susick","year":"2012","unstructured":"Susick EK, Putman M, Bermudez M, Thakur S: Longitudinal study comparing the dynamics of Clostridium difficile in conventional and antimicrobial free pigs at the farm and slaughter. Vet Microbiol. 2012, 157: 172-178. 10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.12.017.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"283_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-12-169","volume":"76","author":"C Quesada-Gomez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Quesada-Gomez C, Mulvey MR, Vargas P, Gamboa-Coronado MDM, Rodriguez C, Rodriguez-Cavillini E: Isolation of toxigenic and clinical genotype of Clostridium difficile in retail meats in Costa Rica. J Food Prot. 2013, 76: 348-351. 10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-12-169.","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"283_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-119","volume":"14","author":"E Rahimi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rahimi E, Jalali M, Weese JS: Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in raw beef, cow, sheep, goat, camel and buffalo meat in Iran. BMC Public Health. 2014, 14: 119-10.1186\/1471-2458-14-119.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"283_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1407.071641","volume":"14","author":"MA Jhung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jhung MA, Thompson AD, Killgore GE, Zukowski WE, Songer G, Warny M, Johson S, Gerding DN, McDonald LC, Limbago BM: Toxinotype V Clostridium difficile in humans and food animals. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008, 14: 1039-1045. 10.3201\/eid1407.071641.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"283_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2011.0955","volume":"9","author":"BA Houser","year":"2012","unstructured":"Houser BA, Soehnlen MK, Wolfgang DR, Lysczek HR, Burns CM, Jayarao BM: Prevalence of Clostridium difficile toxin genes in the feces of veal calves and incidence of ground veal contamination. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2012, 9: 32-36. 10.1089\/fpd.2011.0955.","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"283_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638711407893","volume":"23","author":"RB Harvey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Harvey RB, Norman KN, Andrews K, Nory B, Hume ME, Scanlan CM, Hardin MD, Scott HM:Clostridium difficile in retail meat and processing plants in Texas. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2011, 23: 807-811. 10.1177\/1040638711407893.","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"283_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2012.10.031","volume":"31","author":"P Hawken","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hawken P, Weese JS, Friendship R, Warriner K: Carriage and dissemination of Clostridium difficile and methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus in pork processing. Food Control. 2013, 31: 433-437. 10.1016\/j.foodcont.2012.10.031.","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"283_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.56.2.126","volume":"56","author":"J Freeman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Freeman J, Wilcox MH: The effects of storage conditions on viability of Clostridium difficile vegetative cells and spores and toxin activity in human faeces. J Clin Pathol. 2003, 56: 126-128. 10.1136\/jcp.56.2.126.","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"283_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2010.05.004","volume":"16","author":"A Rodriguez-Palacios","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Palacios A, Reid-Smith RJ, Staempfli HR, Weese JS:Clostridium difficile survives minimal tempertature recommended for cooking ground meats. Anaerobe. 2010, 16: 540-542. 10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2010.05.004.","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"283_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01589-10","volume":"77","author":"A Rodriguez-Palacios","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Palacios A, LeJeune JT: Moist-heat resistance, spore aging, and uperdormancy in Clostridium difficile. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011, 77: 3085-3091. 10.1128\/AEM.01589-10.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"283_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-159","volume":"5","author":"M Jalali","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jalali M, Khorvash F, Warriner K, Weese JS:Clostridium difficile infection in an Iranian hospital. BMC Res Notes. 2012, 5: 159-10.1186\/1756-0500-5-159. doi:10.1186\/1756-0500-5-159,","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"283_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5710","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.12.5710-5714.2004","volume":"42","author":"L Lemee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lemee L, Dhalluin A, Testelin S, Mattrat M, Maillard K, Lemeland J, Pons JL: Multiplex PCR targeting tpi (triose phosphate isomerase), tcdA (toxin A), and tcdB (toxin B) genes for toxigenic culture of Clostridium difficile. J Clin Microbiol. 2004, 42: 5710-5714. 10.1128\/JCM.42.12.5710-5714.2004.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"283_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09122.x","volume":"186","author":"S Stubbs","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stubbs S, Rupnik M, Gibert M, Brazier J, Duerden B, Popoff M: Production of actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase (binary toxin) by strains of Clostridium difficile. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2000, 186: 307-312. 10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09122.x.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"283_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13629.x","volume":"175","author":"P Bidet","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bidet P, Barbut F, Lalande V, Burghoffer B, Petit J: Development a new PCR-ribotyping method for Clostridium difficile based on ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1999, 175: 261-266. 10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13629.x.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"283_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1505.081186","volume":"15","author":"MM Bakri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bakri MM, Brown DJ, Butcher JP, Sutherland AD:Clostridium difficile in ready-to-eat salads, Scotland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009, 15: 817-818. 10.3201\/eid1505.081186.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"283_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2010.02933.x","volume":"51","author":"DS Metcalf","year":"2010","unstructured":"Metcalf DS, Costa MC, Dew WMV, Weese JS:Clostridium difficile in vegetables, Canada. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2010, 51: 600-602. 10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2010.02933.x.","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"283_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-011-0068-3","volume":"56","author":"V Pasquale","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pasquale V, Romano VJ, Rupnik M, Dumontet S, Ciznar I, Aliberti F, Mauri F, Saggiomo V, Krovasec K: Isolation and characterization of Clostridium difficile from shellfish and marine environments. Folia microbiologica. 2011, 56: 431-437. 10.1007\/s12223-011-0068-3.","journal-title":"Folia microbiologica"},{"key":"283_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2011.02.008","volume":"17","author":"D Metcalf","year":"2011","unstructured":"Metcalf D, Avery BP, Janecko N, Matic N, Reid-Smith R, Weese JS:Clostridium difficile in seafood and fish. Anaerobe. 2011, 17: 85-86. 10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2011.02.008.","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"283_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2012.03.001","volume":"31","author":"V Pasquale","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pasquale V, Romano V, Rupnik M, Capuano F, Bove D, Aliberti F, Krovacek K, Dumontet S: Occurrence of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in edible bivalve molluscs. Food microbial. 2012, 31: 309-312. 10.1016\/j.fm.2012.03.001.","journal-title":"Food microbial"},{"key":"283_CR26","unstructured":"Zidaric V, Rupnik M: Clostridium difficile in meat products, eggs and vegetables in Slovenia. The 4th International Clostridium difficile Symposium, European Society of Clincial Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID). Poster no. 118. 2012"},{"key":"283_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-72.8.1732","volume":"72","author":"SMM Von Abercron","year":"2009","unstructured":"Von Abercron SMM, Karlsson F, Wigh GT, Wierup M, Krovacek K: Low occurrence of Clostridium difficile in retail ground meat in Sweden. J Food Prot. 2009, 72: 1732-1734.","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"283_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1505.081084","volume":"15","author":"A Rodriguez-Palacios","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Palacios A, Reid-Smith RJ, Staempfli HR, Daignault D, Janecko N, Avery BP, Martin H, Thompson AD, McDonald LC, Limbago B, Weese JS: Possible seasonality of Clostridium difficile in retail meat, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010, 15: 802-805. 10.3201\/eid1505.081084.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"283_CR29","first-page":"e16771","volume":"7","author":"Z Esfandiari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Esfandiari Z, Jalali M, Ezzatpanah H, Weese JS, Chamani M: Prevalence and characterization of Clostridium difficile in beef and mutton meats of Isfahan region. Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2014, 7: e16771-","journal-title":"Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol"},{"key":"283_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.11.007","volume":"144","author":"E de Boer","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Boer E, Zwartkruis-Nahuis A, Heuvelink AE, Harmanus C, Kuijper EJ: Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in retailed meat in the Netherlands. Int J Food Microbiol. 2011, 144: 561-564. 10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.11.007.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"283_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439822944","volume-title":"Extrusion Cooking. Technologies and Applications","author":"R Guy","year":"2001","unstructured":"Guy R: Extrusion Cooking. Technologies and Applications. 2001, Woodhead Publishing Group Limited, CRC press, Cambridge, England"},{"key":"283_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420017373","volume-title":"Handbook of Food Preservation","author":"MS Rahman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rahman MS: Handbook of Food Preservation. 2007, Taylor & Francis Group, CRC Press, New York"},{"key":"283_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S1466-8564(02)00053-X","volume":"3","author":"JD Lara","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lara JD, Fernandez PS, Periago MP, Palop A: Irradiation of spores of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis with electron beeam. Innovat Food Sci Emerg Technol. 2002, 3: 379-384. 10.1016\/S1466-8564(02)00053-X.","journal-title":"Innovat Food Sci Emerg Technol"},{"key":"283_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-45-2-133","volume":"45","author":"N Al Saif","year":"1996","unstructured":"Al Saif N, Brazier JS: The distribution of Clostridium difficile in the environment of South Wales. J Med Microbiol. 1996, 45: 133-137. 10.1099\/00222615-45-2-133.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"283_CR35","unstructured":"Design, Maintenance and Good Manufacturing Practices. 2006, Taylor & Francis Group, CRC Press, New York"},{"key":"283_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-217","volume":"11","author":"HL Wei","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wei HL, Kao CW, Wei SH, Tzen JTC, Chiou CS: Comparison of PCR ribotyping and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) for improved detection of Clostridium difficile. BMC Microbiol. 2011, 11: 217-10.1186\/1471-2180-11-217.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"283_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252312000229","volume":"14","author":"A Rodriguez-Palacios","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Palacios A, Borgmann S, Kline TR, Lejeune JT:Clostridium difficile in foods and animals: history and measures to reduce exposure. Anim Health Res Rev. 2013, 14: 11-29. 10.1017\/S1466252312000229.","journal-title":"Anim Health Res Rev"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-014-0283-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-014-0283-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-014-0283-6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-014-0283-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T06:48:39Z","timestamp":1630565319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12866-014-0283-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["283"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-014-0283-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 April 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2014","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2014","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"283"}}