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Unfortunately, information on the prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. in groupers (\n                      <jats:italic>Epinephelus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.) is limited. In this study, groupers obtained from nine farms located at different geographical regions in Malaysia were sampled for the presence of pathogenic\n                      <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. and their susceptibility profiles against seven antibiotics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Out of 270 grouper samples, 195 (72%) were detected with the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.\n                      <jats:italic>Vibrio communis<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed highest prevalence in grouper (28%), followed by\n                      <jats:italic>V. parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (25%),\n                      <jats:italic>V. alginolyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (19%),\n                      <jats:italic>V. vulnificus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (14%),\n                      <jats:italic>V. rotiferianus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (3%),\n                      <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. (3%),\n                      <jats:italic>V. campbellii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (2%)\n                      <jats:italic>, V. mytili<\/jats:italic>\n                      (2%)\n                      <jats:italic>, V. furnissii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (2%)\n                      <jats:italic>, V. harveyi<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1%)\n                      <jats:italic>, V. tubiashii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1%)\n                      <jats:italic>, V. fluvialis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (0.3%) and\n                      <jats:italic>V. diabolicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (0.3%)\n                      <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Assessment on the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the\n                      <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. revealed that majority of the isolates were susceptible to tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin and bacitracin, but resistance to ampicillin, penicillin G and vancomycin. The mean MAR index of the\n                      <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates was 0.51, with 85% of the isolates showed MAR index value of higher than 0.2. Results indicate that the\n                      <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. were continuously exposed to antibiotics. Furthermore, the plasmid profiles of\n                      <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. showed that 38.7% of the isolates harbored plasmid with molecular weight of more than 10\u2009kb, while 61.3% were without plasmid. During curing process,\n                      <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. lost their plasmid, but remained resistant to ampicillin, penicillin G, bacitracin and vancomycin while a few isolates remained resistant to erythromycin, streptomycin and tetracycline. The results suggested that the resistance to antibiotics in isolated\n                      <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. might be due to chromosomal and plasmid borne.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study demonstrates the prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. in groupers and the distribution of multidrug resistance strains that could be of concern to the farmers in Malaysia. In addition, data from this study can be further used in fish disease management plan.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1624-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]],"date-time":"2019-11-11T08:03:23Z","timestamp":1573459403000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and plasmid profiling of Vibrio spp. isolated from cultured groupers in Peninsular Malaysia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Nor Zulkiply","family":"Amalina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvaraj","family":"Santha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dzarifah","family":"Zulperi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Noor Azmai","family":"Amal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Termizi","family":"Yusof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd","family":"Zamri-Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2905-2915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Yasin","family":"Ina-Salwany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1624_CR1","unstructured":"Abdullah, A., Nur-Nazifah, M., Rimatulhana, N. 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Instead, freshly caught dead fish was used and therefore no ethics approval is required. All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) under application number UPM\/IACUC\/AUP\/R059\/2016. Permission were obtained from the farm-owners (Personal communication) in order to collect the fish using non-lethal methods.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"251"}}