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The presence of these maternally inherited bacteria is associated with modifications of host fitness, including a variety of reproductive abnormalities, such as cytoplasmic incompatibility, thelytokous parthenogenesis, host feminization and male-killing.\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      has attracted much interest for its role in biological, ecological and evolutionary processes as well as for its potential use in novel and environmentally-friendly strategies for the control of insect pests and disease vectors including a major agricultural pest, the South American fruit fly,\n                      <jats:italic>Anastrepha fraterculus<\/jats:italic>\n                      Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used\n                      <jats:italic>wsp<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>16S rRNA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme including\n                      <jats:italic>gat<\/jats:italic>\n                      B,\n                      <jats:italic>cox<\/jats:italic>\n                      A,\n                      <jats:italic>hcp<\/jats:italic>\n                      A,\n                      <jats:italic>fbp<\/jats:italic>\n                      A, and\n                      <jats:italic>fts<\/jats:italic>\n                      Z genes to detect and characterize the\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in laboratory strains and wild populations of\n                      <jats:italic>A. fraterculus<\/jats:italic>\n                      from Argentina\n                      <jats:italic>. Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      was found in all\n                      <jats:italic>A. fraterculus<\/jats:italic>\n                      individuals studied\n                      <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Nucleotide sequences analysis of\n                      <jats:italic>wsp<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene allowed the identification of two\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      nucleotide variants (named\n                      <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                      AfraCast1_A and\n                      <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                      AfraCast2_A). After the analysis of 76 individuals, a high prevalence of the\n                      <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                      AfraCast2_A variant was found both, in laboratory (82%) and wild populations (95%). MLST analysis identified both\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      genetic variants as sequence type 13. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated MLST datasets clustered\n                      <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                      AfraCast1\/2_A in the supergroup A. Paired-crossing experiments among single infected laboratory strains showed a phenotype specifically associated to\n                      <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                      AfraCast1_A that includes slight detrimental effects on larval survival, a female-biased sex ratio; suggesting the induction of male-killing phenomena, and a decreased proportion of females producing descendants that appears attributable to the lack of sperm in their spermathecae.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We detected and characterized at the molecular level two\n                      <jats:italic>wsp<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene sequence variants of\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      both in laboratory and wild populations of\n                      <jats:italic>A. fraterculus sp.<\/jats:italic>\n                      1 from Argentina. Crossing experiments on singly-infected\n                      <jats:italic>A. fraterculus<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains showed evidence of a male killing-like mechanism potentially associated to the\n                      <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                      AfraCast1_A -\n                      <jats:italic>A. fraterculus<\/jats:italic>\n                      interactions. Further mating experiments including antibiotic treatments and the analysis of early and late immature stages of descendants will contribute to our understanding of the phenotypes elicited by the\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      variant\n                      <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                      AfraCast1_A in\n                      <jats:italic>A. fraterculus sp.<\/jats:italic>\n                      1.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1652-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T19:02:49Z","timestamp":1577127769000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Wolbachia infection in Argentinean populations of Anastrepha fraterculus sp1: preliminary evidence of sex ratio distortion by one of two strains"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Claudia Alejandra","family":"Conte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego Fernando","family":"Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian Horacio","family":"Milla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonios","family":"Augustinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge Luis","family":"Cladera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kostas","family":"Bourtzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia Beatriz","family":"Lanzavecchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1652_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.42.1.587","volume":"42","author":"JH Werren","year":"1997","unstructured":"Werren JH. 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