{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T15:26:12Z","timestamp":1782487572754,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586822400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Open Access Publication Fund of Charit\u00e9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Open Access Publication Fund of Charit\u00e9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"PRO-IMPLANT Foundation, Berlin","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The performance of multiplex PCR (mPCR) for detection of antimicrobial resistance from clinical isolates is unknown. We assessed\u00a0the ability of mPCR to analyse resistance genes directly from clinical samples.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Patients with orthopedic infections were prospectively included. Phenotypical and genotypical resistance was evaluated in clinical samples (synovial and sonication fluid) where identical pathogens were\u00a0identified by culture and mPCR.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 94 samples were analysed, including 60 sonication fluid and 34 synovial fluid samples. For coagulase-negative staphylococcus strains,\u00a0mPCR detected resistance to oxacillin in 10 of 23 isolates (44%) and to rifampin in none of 6 isolates. For <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> isolates, detection rate of oxacillin and rifampin-resistance was 100% (2\/2 and 1\/1, respectively). Fluoroquinolone-resistance was confirmed by mPCR in all 3 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, in enterococci resistance to aminoglycoside-high level was detected in 1 of 3 isolates (33%) and in streptococci resistance to macrolides\/lincosamides in none of 2 isolates. The overall sensitivity for different pathogens and antimicrobials was 46% and specificity 95%, the median concordance was 80% (range, 57\u2013100%). Full agreement was observed for oxacillin in <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>, vancomycin in enterococci, carbapenems\/cephalosporins in Enterobacteriaceae and rifampin in <jats:italic>Cutibacterium<\/jats:italic> species.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The overall sensitivity for detection of antimicrobial resistance by mPCR directly from clinical samples was low. False-negative mPCR results occurred mainly in coagulase-negative staphylococci, especially for oxacillin and rifampin. However, the specificity of mPCR was high and a positive result reliably predicted antimicrobial resistance. Including universal primers in the PCR test assay may improve the detection rate but requires additional sequencing step.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\">www.clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link> No. NCT02530229, registered at 21 August 2015 (retrospectively registered).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01741-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T09:02:46Z","timestamp":1586854966000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Value of multiplex PCR for detection of antimicrobial resistance in samples retrieved from patients with orthopaedic infections"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Irene Katharina","family":"Sigmund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Renz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Feihl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Morgenstern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Cabric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrej","family":"Trampuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"1741_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra040181","volume":"351","author":"W Zimmerli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zimmerli W, Trampuz A, Ochsner PE. 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